CHAPTER – 10

ON-BOARD SYSTEMS / FEATURES

The topic ‘Aeroplane parts’ listing 31 parts of the Vimanas is significant.  The topic is a derivative or corollary of 32 secrets of vimana discussed earlier.

·        Vishwakriyaadarpana or mirror of outside views.

·        Shaktyaakarshana or energy attracting mirror.

·        Parivesha mechanism above the hood of the vimana.

·        Angopasamhaara yantra or folding up yantra at the 7^th bindukeelaka.

·        Vistritakriyaa or opening out yantra, location in the middle of the 11^th section.

·        Vyroopya darpana 

·        Padmachakramukha at the sirobhaaga or crest of the vimana.

·        The kuntinee Shakti mechanism is to be in the neck of the vimana.

·        Pushpinee and pinjulaa mirrors are to be in the right side of the centre.

·        At the front of the left side are to be located the Naalapanchaka or five pipes

·        Guhaagarbha.mirror yantra is to be in the front part of the stomach of the plane

·        Thamoyantra at the north western side.

·        Pancha Vaataskandha naala on the western centre

·        Rowdree mirror

·        Vaataskandha keelaka at the bottom centre.

·        Shaktisthaana at the front and right sides.

·        Shabda kendra mukha at the left side.

·        Vidyutdwaadashaka at the north east side.

·        Praanakundala at the moola of the vimana.

·        Shaktiudgama at the navel of the vimana,

·        Vakraprasaarana at the side of Vimanaadhaara.

·        Shakthipanjara in the central portion.

·        Shirahkeelaka at the head of the vimana.

·        Shabdaakarshaka yantra at the shoulder.

·        Pata prasaarana at the bottom centre.

·        Dishaampatiyantra at the left front.

·        Pattikaabhraka at the centre of the hood of the vimana.

·        Solar power attractor at the top of the vimana.

·        Apasmaara or poison gas at the sandhi naala mukha or junction tube front.

·        Sthambhana yantra at the bottom.

·        Vyshwaanara naala at the navel centre.

This is the placing of 31 components of the vimana.

Discussions: Here parts are referred to as ‘Anga’.   Firstly it is noticed that these parts are not having one to one correlation with secrets or features and more importantly, many more complex systems dealt with later in the work do not find their mention here.

While some appear to be mechanical contraptions, some others are sophisticated avionic devices.

The systems have been given distinct locations on vimanas.  Propriety in location of each contraption needs special mention A quick glance at the list of ‘on board’ packages indicates:

Function-specific avionics systems have been conceptualised and developed to provide multiple role capabilities for vimana.

Systems can be generally classified under categories

§         Yantras.

§          Darpanaa or special mirrors.

§          Naalas

§          Energy generating devices.

§         Solar energy harnessing features at several places.

§         While some appear to be mechanical contraption, others are sophisticated special devices.

§         The systems have been given distinct locations on the vimana.  Propriety in location of each contraption needs special notice.

 More of these yantraas are covered under “Yantradhikaranam”.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 11

CLOTHING FOR PILOTS

The chapter on special clothing prescribed for the aviator throws light on the comprehensive manner in which aviation and it’s peripherals had been perceived.  Like in modern high-speed aviation, special flying suits for pilots had been visualised by the ancient scientists as well.

Highlights of the soothras are:

To provide season-compatible clothing

Attire is specially provided as a protection against harmful forces, energy beams, climatic effects.  It is also a means to improve his efficiency, strength and resistance.

“Pata Samskara Ratnaakara” is the guiding text and preceptor quoted is Gaalava.

The raw materials quoted for manufacture of the special fabric include silk, cotton, moss, hair, mica and leather.

Process-intensive methods of manufacture are stipulated.

Draping of apparel is stated to be governed by the prescription of Agnimitra.

Comments:

The study team points out that this aspect on occupational clothing has not been picked-up by any researcher so far for hardware validation.

Identification of materials, development of their processing methods must have been broad based on sound textile technology, exclusive for  aviation application.

Ergonomic and Aesthetic factors seem to have been taken into consideration fully upto the extent of smart draping of the apparel.

‘Ayurveda’ must have played a significant part in guiding this textile technology.

Raw materials going into the fabric prescribed such as silk, leather and even hair suggests that basic material research in this technology must have been highly advanced.

Note:  The project study team, in course of their data generation visited a Veda Vignana Ashram near Bangalore carrying out some practical research on ancient sciences.  Two researchers in the ashram, both chemical engineers have started work on synthesising the fabric for pilots as specified here.  Their research however is in preliminary stages.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 12

FOOD FOR PILOTS

A few soothras of Vymanika shastra deal with dietary prescriptions for flying personnel.  This is on the same lines on which ‘occupational clothing’ has been treated on scientific basis.  Flying itself being a specialized field involving skills, physical fitness, endurance, alertness, decision-making and so on, the supporting elements connected with the aviator have also been appropriately conceived.

Prescriptions of food for the pilot have been dealt under the following headings. :

:  Food according to seasons.

:  Three varieties to ward off seasonal effects.

:  Food at set timings

:  Essence of fruits, roots and bulbs.

:  Grasses, bulbs and shrubs.

Food according to seasons:

Type of food and diet principles are ascribed to “Kalpa sootra” and “Ashana kalpa”

Pilots belonging to Dwija class-Brahmins, Kshatriyas & Vysyas, were forbidden to consume flesh.

Restriction of flesh in their diet for dwija & non-dwija classes of the society focuses on two significant observations.

Aviator could be from any branch of the community without the usual barriers of “Chaturvarna” system that prevailed in ancient India.  Perhaps the vital qualitative requirements were skill and fitness.

Next the soothra dealing with three varieties of food especially to ward-off evil effects quotes the work ‘Visha Nirnaya Adhikaara’.  Here note the mention of beneficial and evil effects of atmospheric heat, moisture, cycles of full moon, new moon phases and changes of seasons. Accordingly changes in varieties of ingredients is justified.

Food at set times:

In this particularly interesting soothra, frequency of food intake needs focussed understanding.  Quoting sage Shownaka and Lallacharya the table of diet frequency / time is as under.

Note: Pilot has been singled out as a special craftsman with distinctly specified diet-set for himself.  Prescribing five times food intake per day implies that pilot of the vimanas is not permitted to keep his stomach empty at any time.  He can be called upon to perform his duties at short notice.  This interpretation is both logical and appropriate in the context of similar diet regulations for pilots of Indian Air Force.  A great deal of similar research-backed regulation came into being in the form of pre-flight meal before the first sortie.  Many accidents due to black out were attributed to pilots flying with empty stomach.

While the soothra covered so far relates to conventionally available foods,                    the next three short sootras pertain to contingent conditions such as,       

Non-availability of food, possibly due to shortage, drought, famine and so on.

Adverse survival situations

Non availability of specified ingredients necessitating substitutes.

Quoting ‘Ashana Kalpa’, the method of preparing cooked food, preparing food for long term storage and consumption have been mentioned.  Nutritive value has not been compromised.

As substitutes, even grass, roots, bulbs and fruits with other natural substances such as milk, honey, condiments etc., used in correct proportion are prescribed without prejudice to taste or energy content.

The sootra pertaining to use of natural grasses, herbs and shrubs indicates the extent to which alternative food items had been visualized and developed to cater for extraneous conditions.  This is analogous to specific foods developed for personnel of armed forces to survive in strange situations such as jungles, snow, high altitude, deserts, deep seas and so on.

Note:

A) The study team’s literature survey indicates that based on this topic of ‘Vymanika Shastra’, protein-rich food extract has been developed.  An extract of the report reads as under:

“A formula for producing a protein rich food extract from common Indian grasses is deciphered.  CFTRI laboratory is involved in producing a low cost protein rich food product.  [As powder, biscuit, malt etc.,] from Indian grass.”

B) More important report on the topic of food prescriptions in the work is from an Ayurvedic Doctor of Bangalore Dr.K.H. Krishna Murthy whose suggestions reproduced below provide validating data.

Studies on plants from ‘Vymanika prakarana’-Some suggestions.

Since references on Ayurveda as occurring here are naturally very meagre, stress is given more on the heuristic aspects of the references rather than the contents therein.  The very first point that strikes one here is that these references are taken from varied sources, often not known to general ayurvedists Eg., are Shaunakiiya tantra, Bodhaayana vritti.  Even a mere listing of these works and a cursory glance of the contents is of decided value.

Direct references on Ayruveda occurs in relevant aspects of this work, such as foods in consonance with the seasons, making specialized concentrated food preparations and discussing poisons plants. Among the many other uses of plants are included developing textile materials from plants for making cloth and garments for the pilots, using the oil of the seeds of ‘Ghontaa’ apparently for running the airplane, use of plants in running the bellows, in metallurgical practices employing plants and plant products and the like.

As such, a consistent study of references on plants as they occur through out the text is more rewarding.  For most of the plants are well known in Ayruveda as well and clearly identifiable botanicaly.

Extensive account on nutrition and its many related aspects occur in any classical Ayurvedic samhita.  Seasonal selection of food items, detailed instructions on dietetics, nutritional and pharmacological classification of the dietary articles, special preparation of foods for journey and the like are found in abundance even in one authour Sushruta in his chapters on annapaana idhi, procedures for taking cooked food and drinks and annapana rakshaa kalpam, methodology for protecting cooked foods and drinks [from becoming poisonous] The information given in the text here is in full agreement with what is found in Ayurvedic texts.

Details of using plants for textiles are not available in Ayurvedic texts.  This and the dyeing by plant pigments are better searched in the relevant local oral traditions.  No textbook seems to have been written on textiles.

Kalpasuutra, Anshu Kalpa and Vaalmikiya Ganita are not referred to in ayurveda.  No mention is made of Valmikiya ganita even in the dictionary by Monier Willams or Shabda Kalpadruma, the standard works of reference.

Ayurveda covers Visha Nirnayaadhikaara under agada tantra and garas that are man made mainly chemical poisons.  Toxicology was very well developed in ancient India.

No Special food is prescribed for military purposes, but for Chaanakya who advises eating special leaves by the soldiers on a long march. These will mitigate their hunger and fatigue.  This was probably an Erythroxylon Sp., much like the red Indians of South America, using cocaine plant during hard, mannual labour that would consume much time.

Lalla Kaarikaarika is not mentioned in ayurveda anywhere.  Lalla was an astronomer.  Patasamskaara, Ratna samskaara as adviced regarding clothing do not occur in Ayurveda.  Lalla was also a mathematician.  His Kaarikaarika can be loosely translated as ‘factoral hypothesis’.            

CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 13

VIEWS OF A COMBAT PILOT:

No study on a subject of aviation will be complete without the views of an Aviator going into it.  It was with this intent that the study team referred a few chapters of Vymanika shastra to a modern combat pilot.  Group captain Matheeswaran V.M. is an accomplished fighter pilot of the Indian Air Force and a Test Pilot as well.  Presently he is engaged on a  research assignment at Chennai.  His views on the concepts underlying the precepts of the work are interesting.  His valuable views validating the substance in the text are produced herewith.   Though brief, his views are concise and to the point.  We are grateful to him for responding to our request.  He has found the textual content of the work revealing and has expressed his keenness to study other chapters of the treatise in the coming months. 

His Views :

The treatise Vymanika Shastra is very interesting, considering the fact that it has been written many centuries before modern aeroplanes began to fly. It is worth studying in great detail so as to establish the scientific basis of this treatise. It is very important to note that many centuries ago Indian scholars have written expositions on aviation. When we consider the fact that India had great astronomers such as Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, and Bhaskara who analysesd various aspects of the universe in the early centuries of the Christian era, it is a pity that appropriate recognition of them in the scientific world has not been  given. The primary reason for this anomaly lies with Indian researchers who have not done the interpretations in a modern scientific manner. The world of  modern science is largely dominated by western scholars. This explains why Galileo, Keppler, and Copernicus are credited with discovering the truths of the universe, while indications of this was actually given 1000 years earlier by Aryabhatta. It is, therefore, very important for Indian researchers to analyse ancient scripts with an open mind and not close any possibilities of inventions by ascribing reasons of farfetched literary imaginations.

It is in this light that the above treatise on aviation must be analysed. According to the modern world, Leonardo da Vinci is credited with being the first man to have seriously studied the science of flight on a scientific basis. This was 500 years ago. The Vymaanika Shastra, on the other hand, is far older. It, therefore, deserves to be analysed in great detail and interpreted positively and with an open mind.

Definitions:

   There is considerable clarity in the definitions. What is surprising is the fact that the definitions could be easily seen in terms of today’s environment and understanding. The definition of Vimana is one example. The explanatory definition of a pilot is very interesting. Fundamentally the entire description can be converted in today’s relevance as one of physical and mental alertness, quick reaction, ability to grasp and understand complex issues rapidly, and, more importantly, the ability to build situational awareness all the time.

Atmosphere

   On page 7 and 8, the atmosphere has been described briefly as falling into five divisions. Could these be studied in terms of the divisions as we know, that is stratosphere, ionosphere etc. More information in other chapters will have to be searched. Similarly the treatise talks about various types of vimanas that can operate in various layers. If we remove the frills and legends from the text, we may be able to discern some facts about the awareness that existed on the need for different platforms that were required in lower atmospheric layers and higher layers, eventually stepping into outer space.

Similarly, in the paragraph that describes various whirlpools, an interpretation towards understanding of wind shears and its effects could be discerned.

Location of Vimana components:

Most of the parts descriptions need to be interpreted with more technical help. However, there are a few very interesting parts described. For example the solar power attractor is probably one of the crucial power generators of the platform. The logic of locating it on the top of the Vimana goes well with established scientific procedures. In all the document lists 31 components crucial in the Vimana.

Pilot’s Clothing:

This is an important section. Relevance of temperature conditions are well described. The document describes the special treatment that is required to be carried out for the material of pilot’s clothing. When compared to modern aviation clothing, this aspect is absolutely in line. The objective is to ensure that the clothing is fire resistant, light-weight, and provide adequate protection from effects of temperature.

Diet Recommendation:

The composition of prescribed food appears to be well balanced in terms of proteins, carbo-hydrates and lot of liquids. This part needs to be studied with the help of medical experts.

An important observation is the recommendation that pilots should take food five times a day. The fact that modern flying, particularly fighter flying, is a heavy energy draining exercise is established. In fact, doctors advise frequent replenishment of food in small quantities during flying activity as against standard three meals a day. This is particularly important when a pilot starts his first sortie in the morning. It is a tabbo to fly on empty stomach.

Metals:

This is again an important section as it describes the various types of metals used for making Vimanas. The characteristics of metals described in terms of heat-absorbing, non-conducting etc need to be studied in depth.

Thirty two Secrets:

The document describes thirty two secrets that form essential knowledge for a pilot. This could be interpreted as the need for a pilot to be knowledgeable about the profession, be a skilled flier, and be a good strategist and tactician. Only then can he exploit the aerial weapon system.

The thirty two secrets described can be seen or interpreted to signify various techniques and technologies such as radar, stealth, combat manoeuvres, basic flying, awareness about weather hazards etc.

For example ‘Antaraala’ may be interpreted as indicating the dangers to the safety of the aircraft while encountering wind shears, down drafts on the leeward side of the hills, thunder clouds etc. For example if the pilot cannot recognise a building, cumulonimbus cloud and enters it he may lose control of the aircraft, or in extreme cases the aircraft may even break up.

The description of ‘Drishya’ can be seen in terms methods used to ‘boost’ or ‘reduce’ radar signature of the aircraft. ‘Adrishya’, on the other hand, relates to a technique akin to ‘stealth’ technology. ‘Paroksha’ describes a technique which can be related to today’s ‘Electronic Warfare’, wherein the enemy aircraft’s systems are paralyzed through jamming.

‘Aporoksha’ talks about a ‘Rohini’ beam of light that makes targets in front visible. This is similar to the radar technology, wherein radio waves are used to detect the targets in front.

‘Sankoch’ describes a variable sweep technology. ‘Pralaya’ and ‘Vimukha’ appear to be some sort of beam weapons. Modern aerospace technology is already talking about the use of beam weapons in the near future.

‘Saarpa-gamana’ describes aircraft manoeuvring in rapid fashion, that is today achieved through use of vectored thrust. Similar is the description of ‘Sarvatomukha’.

A lot of technology in terms of radio, electronics, and guidance are indicated. ‘Parashabda Graahaka’ describes essentially voice communication and signal intelligence. ‘Roopakarshana’ describes television view inside the aircraft. ‘Dikpradarshana’ can be interpreted as target information provided on the radar. ‘Aakaashkaara’ describes the technique of achieving ‘stealth’.

Conclusion:

   This analysis pertains to the first chapter of the ‘Vymaanika Shastra.’ Most of the details are short and appear to be introductory descriptions. I presume greater details will be available in subsequent chapters. These need to be analysed in depth and arrive at a logical conclusion. The concepts of the author should be deduced while disregarding superfluous literary descriptions. This will throw a more balanced light on the whole document and lead to a very productive conclusions.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 14

 METALS FOR VIMANAS -LOHADHIKARANAM:

Out of many topics of  ‘Vymanika Shastra’, the one picked up by most Indian researchers is on metals and materials.  In particular metals conclusively categorised for use on vimana have incited curiosity.

Three ancient scientists quoted are Shownaka, Manibhadra (in his Manibhadra Kaarika) and Saamba.

All the three sages commonly point at three kinds of root metals for aviation applications - Somaka, Soundaalika, and Mourthwika.  Apart from lightness, metallic property targeted is heat absorbing / resistance.

The root metals [in ore form] are described to be available at identified layers of earth’s crust out of about three thousand metal bearing layers.  Different layers contain different metal ores in varying grades.

Loha Kalpa and Lohatantra are described as the master texts on metallurgy.

To obtain different alloys for manufacture of varieties of vimanas, sixteen alloys have been stated to be processed from the three core metals by mixing in different proportions.  They are given in the table.

The ancient scientists have propounded that formation of metallic ores is attributed to forces of

     --Gravity of the centre of earth.

     --Gravity of global earth.

      --Solar flood.   

      --Air force.

      --Planetary forces.

      --Sun’s gravitational force.

      --Moon’s gravitational force.

      --Interplanetary gravitational forces in the universe,

Each in proportion 3, 8, 11, 5, 2, 6, 4, 9 and combined with heat and moisture inside the crest.

The work ponders a great deal over various forms of energies [forces] that lead to the synthesis of each of the three types of core metals.  For the benefit of the readers summery is given in table form.

Important observations:

--Knowledge of metals in ancient India was not confined just to basic metals such as Iron, Copper etc., Development of metallurgical technology apparently scales upto aviation requirements.  Enormity of basic research in the entire process can be visualised.

--Knowledge of factors causing formation of ores in earth’s crust must have existed.  How far this theory matches with geo-physical phenomenon of modern science can be a separate study.

--Geological studies and mining of ores apparently existed.

--Discussion on interplanetary forces influencing earth’s crust stated here are indicative of comprehensive and deep knowledge that existed in ancient India.

--Considering the number of alloys mentioned, very fine property-specific developments must have been aimed at in metallurgical processes.

A brief chapter thereafter deals with the purification [more appropriately, refining] process of metals and alloys.  The processes are slightly different for each class of metals.  Guiding text is ‘Samskara Darpana’.

Several types of acids, decoctions, charcoal, salt and native materials of Ayurvedic origin feature in these processes.  Modern metallurgists would find it strange that a variety of organic substances participate in the process of refining.

Deliberating on production of Ooshmapa metals [heat resistant] under the category of Souma, Soundala and Mourtwika, mixing of each alloy under each variety and their proportion of mix has a special connotation. Each alloy is given a number under the three core metals against which proportions are prescribed for the mix to obtain the desired quality of alloy Deeper study should be very gainful.

Lallacharya’s classification of metals is distinct in it’s own way and it is source- related as follows.

Kritaka or artificial

Corrupted  

Mud-born

Aquatic

Mineral-born

Vegetation born

Evolved from vermin

Flesh born

Grown from salt

Hair born and egg born

Crucibles – Mooshadhikaranam:

Ancient metallurgists seem to have developed a wide variety of crucibles to suit each process.  Guiding text is Moosha Kalpa.

The process of manufacture of ‘Antarmukha’ [Inward looking] crucible stated to be prescribed for preparing metals for vimana is given in detail.

Fire place [furnace] or kunda – vyaasaatikaadhikaranam.

Kunda Kalpa, the guiding text stipulates the use of koorma or tortoise shaped furnace for melting aircraft alloys.  Kunda Nirnaya goes further to outline the constructional aspect of these furnaces.

Bellows - Bhastrikaadhikarana:

Guiding text—Bhastrika Nibandhana.  For the purpose here, a specific type of Bellows to match with Tortoise shaped furnace is prescribed.

The constructional details include specific leather for the body of the bellows and a variety of organic and inorganic materials.

Comments:

Specific-to-type crucibles, furnaces, bellows selected from amongst a wide-ranging types and numbers hint at very fine development of metallurgical processes.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 15

MIRRORS--DARPANADHIKARANAM

The chapter dealing with ‘Darpanaas’ or ‘Mirrors’ in the text ‘Vymanika shastra’ is particularly significant.  The term mirror has been referred to in a very generic sense.  It is observed during the study of this topic that they are reflectors, deflectors, absorbers, radiators, augmenters of light and energy beams and so on. 

The guiding text is ‘Mukura kalpa’, the author being Lallacharya, Seven such darpanas narrated are:

Viswakriya darpana                                -- Television aid.

Shaktyaakarshana darpana                      -- Power capturing mirror.

Vyroopya darpana                                   --Appearance changing mirror.

{Kuntinee darpana, Pinjula darpana,

Guhagarbhadarpana,Roudreedarpana }   -- Energy related.

Study of later part of the work shows that these darpanas are parts of system -specific on board contrivances grouped under ‘Yantraas’.  The object of treating them exclusively under darpanas is obvious.  They form the core components of yantraas.  In fact we notice that many  Yantras have derived names from the mirrors incorporated in them. 

1) Vishwa kriyaa darpana:

Provided as a visual display for the pilot in his cabin [cockpit], providing high resolution live picture relay of activities  all round the vimana and hence called ‘Vishwa kriya darpana’.  Kriyaasaara is the text of reference. 

Note: Some of the researchers have interpreted as activities going on all over the world, possibly based on usage of the term Viswakriya.

Composition: Satva (2), Shundilaka (2), Eagle bone (1), Mercury (5),  Foot nails of Sinchoranee (2),  Mica (6),  Red lead (5),  Pearl dust (5),

Eye balls of Sowmyaka fish (15), Burning coal (1), Snakes slough (8), Eye Pigment (3), Granite sand (10), Salts (8), Lead (4), Sea foam (2), White throated eagles skin (3), Five parts of Vyrajya or Keg tree bark.

A finely mixed powder of the ingredients in beaked crucible ® Chandodara furnace® 800° heat® Melt to be poured in to mould. 

Observations: Ingredients are organic and inorganic substances including animal, birds, reptiles, oceanic and botanical origin.

--Hypersensitive optical properties of eagle, fish and pearls are well known.

--Display to the pilot is a useful Pre-flight and In-flight information to decide suitable course of action and may even relay the activities in the environ to the vimanas trailing.  Notice the usefulness in reconnaissance and surveillance roles.

More of this during discussion on the main yantra later.

2) Shaktyakarshana darpana:

Shaktyaakarshana yantra derives its name from its prime component Shktya karshana darpana.

--Use of this drapana is to counter the dangerous elements of energy due to solar ray, ethereal wind and heat in specified layers of atmospheric zone.  The mirror enables in subduing or neutralising the effects of this energy and protects the vimana. 

--Dhundinatha and Paraankusha have discussed such dangerous energy sources.

Composition: Haritaala (5), Virinchi (5), Salts (8), Gingelly husk (4), Diamond (6), Red mica (1), Burning coal (8), Sand (3), Tortoise egg (2), Bhaarami (3), Kanda (3), Powshkala (5), Coral (5) Pearl (2), sea shell (6), Borax (8), Shankha (5), Bengal Quince Seed (3).

Powdered and mixed ® in swan crucible ® heated in Mandooka furnace ® Boiled to 500 degree and poured in to vistrita mirror.

Observations: A flight safety device against harmful atmospheric effects.

3. Vyroopya darpana:

Recalling the concept of Vyroopya under special features dealt with earlier and later covered as a yantra under relevant chapter, vyroopya darpana is discussed here.

--To project a distorted or changed appearance of vimana, this mirror is made use of.  It is a magical reflector intended to project / relay illusory shapes primarily to produce scary decoy images or animations, confusing the attacking pilots.

Composition: Bone salt (5), Zinc (3), Lac (3), Iron (8), Shashabola (3), Raajakuraantika  (2), Charcoal Ashes (8), Borax (3), Rakshaa (8), Sand (7), Liquorice oil  (25), Maturna (6), Suncrystal (2), Kravyaada (3), Garada (8), Pistha (3), Arshogna Root, Varaaha Pitha (3), Ammonium Chloride (3).

--Mix in crucible ® Boil to 800 degree in furnace ® Pour into Darpanasara yantra

4] Kuntineee mirror:

To counter poisonous and evil atmospheric effects that derange the minds of the pilots, this mirror is provided as a safety gadget.

Composition: Saurastra earth (5), Snakes slough (7), Sea foam (3),  Shanmukha seeds (5),  Zinc (8),  Rhinoceros nails (3),  Salts (8),  Sand (7),  Conch (4),  Mercury (4),  Yellow  orpiment (4),  Suranghrika (7),  Gingely oil (5),  Pearl shells (8),  Sea shells (3),  Camphor (4).

Purify in Shinjhika crucible ® heat in Shinjheera furnace at 700-degree ® produces morning-sun like kuntinee mirror.

5] Pinjula Mirror:

In simple terms pinjula has been defined as conflicting interaction of solar rays.  Quoting ‘Anshu Bodhinee’ propounded by Maharshi Bharadwaja, resultant force from interacting forces of solar energy, winds, heat (having different intensities from different directions), cause harmful effects on the eyeballs of flying crew.  They are Andha, Andha kaara, Pinjoosha, Taarapa.  These effects lead to blindness.

--Essentially conceived as a protective device for the pilots.

Composition:

Goat’s milk (6), Red lead (5), Salts (8), Sand (7), Tree gum (5), Copper (2), Lead (2), Surolika essence (4), Twak (8), Vaardhyushika (3), Kanda (3), Pistha or Gingelly husk (4), Orpiment (3), Timevellesema (3), Vrikodaree seed (4).

Purified, powdered, mixed, placed in crucible® heated in furnace to 700 degree ® poured in to mould.

6] Guha garbha darpana:

 Harnessing harmful energy of electricity from clouds, winds, rays and directing them against the enemy planes to disable, incapacitate them to fight. 

Observation:  Using harmful energies available from the environment as a weapon against enemy forces-Distinctly a biological-weapon.

--Guide quoted is ‘Prapancha saara’ and ‘Sanmohana-kriyaa-kaanda.

--Preceptors quoted- Vashistha, Lalla.

Composition:

Cowries (7),  Manjula or Madder root (3),  Sea foam (3), Ranjaka (8),  Mandoora or Rust (6),  Mercury (8),  Orpiment’s (3),  Matrumna (6),  Mridani garbha essence (5),  Sphatika (5),  Industatwa (15),  Sand (8),  Kishora (6),  Brahmika (7),  Lead (2),  Eye Pigment (6),  Muchukunda (5),  Gingely oil (2),  Lohika (25),  Sowrastra earth (8),  Bones (3),  Dambholi stava (5). 

Purify the mix, powder, place in crucible ® melt up to 700 degree ® cooled, results in Guha garbha Darpana.

7] Rowdree Darpana:

Mixing of rays of Rowdree beam and solar rays and projecting the resultant energy on enemy planes as a lethal weapon.  The resultant energy appears to possess a high heat content and therefore melts everything it is projected upon. 

Paraankusha and ‘Sanmohana Kriya Saara’ are the guiding references.

Composition:

 Lead (8), Shalmali (3), Durvaa (7),  Kudupinjara (8),  Dronee (21),  Sun crystal (8),  Rudraanee Graavoshara (27),  Betel leaves (6),  Kowtila (8),  Veeraabhra Linga (36),  Salts (8),  Sand (7),  Matrumna (6),  Dimbhika (3),  Zinc (8),  Ant hill earth (3), Gum (6),  Kumbhinee (3),  Sweta oil (3),  Timmnevelli sema (27),  Goodhaamla (6),  Silk cotton (8),  Virinchi Satva (8),  Kada (5),  Yellow Orpiment (3),  Kaarmusha (7).

Purified, mixed, placed in crucible ® melted up to 800 degree ® yields Rowdree Darpana.

Summary of observations on mirrors:

On an average there are 20 ingredients in making of each mirror and 75% of these components are common factors, proportions being different.

Specific-to-type and unusual ingredients are Rhinoceros nails, Eyeballs of fish, Snake’s slough, Eagle’s skin, Eye pigments, which may be imparting particular properties.  They are also of natural origin and were perhaps available in abundance from natural sources. 

Characteristics or properties appear to be derived from strange and remote substances.

Most of the strange ingredients listed have something to do with optics.

Ayurveda and ancient chemistry need to be consulted in a big way to decode some of the materials.

Similar coded materials mentioned in the preparation of ‘Prakaasha sthambhana bhida’ have been successfully deciphered through suitable analyses and interpretation at National Metallurgical laboratory, Jamshedpur.  (A copy of their report is appended as appendix - E).

CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 16

SHAKTYAADHI KARANAM – THE POWER

This topic deals with power (forces) related to functioning of vimana in its flight and other operative modes to achieve the desired effects of motion.  The manner in which different sages have viewed this aspect makes it thought–provoking.

‘Yantra-Sarvaswa’ of which ‘Vymanika Shastra’ is a derivative, groups the power into seven catagories.  Each of them vis-à-vis actuating forces are stated as follows.

TUNDILA                            -- UDGAMA SHAKTI

PANJARA                            -- PANJARA SHAKTI

AMSHUPA (SHAKTIPA)     -- SOLAR POWER ABSORPTION

APAKARSHAKA                 -- ABSORPTION OF POWER-

                                                  FROM ALIEN VIMANAS

SAANDHAANIKA               -- GROUP OF 12 FORCES

DAARPANIKA                     -- KUNTINEE SHAKTI

SHAKTI PRASAVIKA         -- MAIN MOTIVE POWER

Shounaka sootra is in agreement with the classification of forces as seven.  Another guide ‘soudaamini kala’ featuring in ‘Anshu bodini’ is also in tandem with this manner of grouping though based on a different theory.

‘Kriyaa-saara’ goes further in explaining these forces more understandably as follows.

            Ascent of vimana                                  : Udgamashakthi.

            Descent of vimana                                : Panjara shakti.

            Solar heat absorption                            : by Shaktyaapa-karshini.

            Allien force restraining                           : Parashakti.

            Spectacular motion of the vimana          : By Vidyutdwadashaka Shakti.

All the above are stated to be basically from the primary force of the vimana.  The twelve activities involved in performing spectacular motions have been separately mentioned as follows.

                        Proceeding                               : Shuddering

                        Mounting                                  : Descending

                        Circulating                                : Speeding

                        Circambulating                          : Sideways motion

                        Receding                                  : Anti-clockwise motion

                        Motionless                                : performing miscellaneous motions

In yet another classification sage Narayana classifies the forces as just five and attributes the forces generated to perform all activities to the power derived from “Sadyojaata yantra”. 

Another work ‘sphotayana’ hold the view that spectacular motions are achieved by Chittinee Shakti.  The guide Kriyaa-saara is also in support of this theory.  Other guides Shaktibeeja and Shaktikoustuba are firm that Panjara Shakti generated by Sadyojaata yantra performs all motions and all other forces are incidental to it.

Amidst numerous views of several sages and texts stated above Maharshi Bharadwaja analyses and emphatically rules that only seven forces are relevant and distinct, all others are corollaries of these seven forces.  Essentially Panjara Shakti is the primary motive force.

Observations and discussions:

--Sages and texts quoted have some diverse views.  This is possibly due to the type of flying machines they had conceived.  They seem to have differentiated forces depending on how resolution of force components were done.

Ex.:  Force required for Udgama ie., take off on vertical mode will be one, where as if it is on normal roller take off, the forces can be resolved in to vertical components and horizontally forward components-  Hence it becomes two distinct forces.

--Forces required for aerobatic manoeuvres have been conceived.  An indication that vimana with capability for combat manoeuvres have been referred to.

--It becomes necessary to understand what type of flying machines are kept in view to arrive at controlling forces required.  As we see in modern Flying machines, Conventional aeroplane, Rotary wing machines, Vertical take-off and Landing machines, Hover Craft etc., all have different principles of operation.  For example, a VTOL aircraft and conventional aircraft are different, a helicopter is different from a conventional aircraft.  Achieving zero  forward velocity is possible in a VTOL aircraft and helicopter and is not possible in a conventional aircraft.  Sideways movement is possible in helicopter and the same is not possible in a conventional fixed wing aircraft.  Similarly a glider is distinctly different from other powered aircraft.    

It is interesting to see that Rolling, Yawing, Banking, Spinning, Accelerating, Zero-velocity principles are under mention. 

Another way of understanding this is with a comparison with modern aeroplane.  The engines, though meant for propulsion, generate a number of power sources that are driven by it, eg. Generator to produce captive power, hydraulic and pneumatic pumps for controls of various services, pumps to generate fluid pressure and the like.  In such an arrangement these accessories driven by the engine can themselves be viewed as sources of power.

--Later in the text under the topic Yantradhikarana there are references that each system had its own source of power drawn from Panjara shakti.

--‘Sadyojaata’ as a form of power has been introudced briefly by Sri M.K. Kawadkar in his article on atmosphere. 

CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 17

YANTRADHI KARANAM:

In the earlier part of this report several features of on-board systems on which the pilot should be profecient were introduced.  Yantradhikarana chapter forms the core content of ‘Vymanika shastra’.   Highly technical in-flight packages described in this part of the text comprise of nearly one half of the work.  While highlighting the basic scientific research underlying the technologies, this topic adds substance to the belief that ancient India had a high level of scientific knowledge.

In this chapter relating to yantras,many mirrors, crystals or manis, naalas etc., feature as components of yantras.  The text deals with details of on-board fitments, their constructional and operating methods, preparation process of special materials and the like.  Before going into details, general points of observation are as follows:

·        What are referred to as 32 secrets and  31 special on-board packages (referred to as yantras) have no one-to-one relationship in terms of their serial mention.

·        As it has been confirmed from several researchers on this work as well as similar works of ancient science, interpretations with reference to context plays a pivotal role in correct understanding.  Virtually it forms a gate to make entry into disguised, coded and veiled textual contents.   Once this barrier is crossed the rest seems to be relatively simpler.  This need should be appreciated.   A positive look notwithstanding, many scientists of modern school of thought may criticise this approach as ‘attaching meanings’.

·        Like in other parts of the text, there have been references to other works or principles of scientific subjects and technologies developed.  The enormity of basic science behind development to evolve a variety of contrivances can be visualised.   Quotations from experts in each discipline of science have been cited; showing the vast amount of knowledge that must have prevailed.  It gives credence to the depth and profoundness of ‘Yantra Sarvasva’ to an extent that ‘Vymanika Shastra’ itself looks too innocuous.

·        Each system package seems to be conceived with compactness supplied with power source, using recycling process and modular in nature.  From the manner in which it is explained in the text it is even possible that designs catered for using each system as a well conceived and need based entity.  It could even be that selection of each on board yantra could have been based on mission role.

·        The locations of the yantras prescribed in the text seem to be apt and function related. 

·        Many of the alloys and materials have organic and inorganic contents.  This may look strange to metallurgists of modern science.

·        Each process of manufacturing of metals, alloys and Naalas gives:

a) Ingredients and their proportions of mix.

b) Use of specific-to-type crucibles.

c) Specific to type furnaces and bellows.

d) Specific melting or fusing temperatures on ancient  

     scale. (kaksya)

.

·        Usage of a number of alloys, special materials indicate that they were definitely based on specific applications for which they were conceived and developed.  Conceptualisation and visualisation of techniques must have logically prompted development of applied research.

·        The techniques that have followed concepts of application-specific systems developed to perform specific roles or functions were exclusively evolved for strategic and tactical roles, flight safety, communication and navigational needs.  A variety of roles include photo reconnaissance, camouflaging, detection-avoidance, electronic warfare role, variable geometry, Biological warfare roles, remote sensing, evasion tactics, in air combat.  In fact the applications seem to be more for use on aircraft in full-fledged military roles than for other purposes.

·        There is more than adequate substance in the concepts and techniques to substantiate that unless aircraft existed in those times and extensively used in various roles, development would not have been necessary or possible.

·        The term ‘enemy’ has been used in a generic sense with the interpretation that it denotes anything that can cause danger, harm or adversity.  All these have been referred to as ‘enemy’.  It could be the aircraft, ground or maritime forces of the opponents, it could be adverse environment, climate or space conditions, and it could be a biological weapon or any other adverse situation.  Appropriate contextual interpretations in each case hold the key in meaningful deductions and understanding.

With these general observations we now go into discussions on the topic ‘Yantradhikarana’ or ‘Subsidiary yantras’.  Efforts have been made to gather literature on research from other sources.  The views of the study team are dovetailed in such cases.  Whenever the discussion is exclusively from study team no reference is mentioned.  Inspite of constraints of time all efforts have been made to cover as many yantras as possible.

Before discussing various devices referred to as ‘Yantras’ in this chapter of the work, it is interesting to ponder over prevalence of yantras during earlier phases of Indian civilisation.  Dr. V. Raghavan, a former professor of Sanskrit in Madras university, has brought out a brief treatise, published by Indian Institute of Culture, Bangalore in 1956.  In this booklet, the author has dealt with the subject in fair detail.

Starting from origin of the work Yantras from the root word ‘Yaan’ meaning ‘to control’, his narration starts form very rudimentary contrivances such as

                                                Water pulley  = Ghati Yantra

                                                Oil presser     = Taila Yantra

                                                Cane presser  = Ikshu yantra,

and goes on to more advanced devices such as those used for protection of fortresses, operation of fort gates, appliances used for bridge construction, weight lifting devices etc.,  His quotes refer to specific chapters and slokas from epics Ramayana, Mahabharata, Harivamsha, Buddist literature, Koutilyas’s Artha Shastra.  Some of the yantras even relate to acquired technology from Persia.  Valmiki Ramayana quotes use of several yantras in the fortifications of capital cities of Ayodhya and Lanka.  They included devices to shoot arrows, stones at attacking enemy forces. 

Among a variety of yantras, some interesting ones are auto-driven Rathas, water jet mechanisms for fire quenching, surgical instruments and strangely, some of the yantras seem to be for the purpose of torturing convicts.  Contrivances used for battles included devices that hurled huge boulders at the enemy.  He quotes some researches concluding that yantras with firearms and combustibles were widely employed in ancient Indian warfare.  ‘Samarangana Sutradhara’ of Raja Bhoja is a unique work on this subject.  To quote one of them mentioned by Dr. V. Raghavan, is the yantra ‘Parjanyaka’ a device which was used for causing artificial rain.

Many devices of architectural engineering applications include those developed for human pleasure, entertainment and the needs of the royale and the rich.  What seems to be most amusing note is the use of ‘Robots’ employed for guarding security gates of palaces and mansions.

Dr. Raghavan’s discussions on yantras make very interesting reading.  To top his treatment of the subject, it is appropriate to cite the ‘merits of good yantra or ‘machine’

The merits of a good machine, Yantra-gunas, are as follows:

·        Proper, proportionate utilisation of the elements constituting it.

·        Well-knit construction.

·        Fineness of appearance.

·        Inscrutability.

·        Functional efficiency.

·        Lightness.

·        Freedom from noise where noise is not part of the scheme.

·        A loud noise when noise is intended as an end.

·        Freedom from looseness.

·        Freedom from stiffness.

·        Smooth and unhampered motion.

·        Production of the intended effects (in cases where the ware is of the category of curios).

·        The securing of the rhythmic quality in motion (particularly in entertainment wares).

·        Going into action when required  

·        Resumption of the still state when not required (chiefly in cases of the pieces for pastime).

·        Freedom from an uncouth appearance.

·        Verisimilitude ( in the case of bodies intended to represent birds, animals, etc., )

·        Firmness.

·        Softness.

·        Durability.

Note: The reader’s attention is brought to the comprehensive and fine details to which machine-design aspects could be perceived and structured.

With the above discussion on yantras brought in from Dr. V. Raghavan’s noted work, we resume discussion on more advanced and highly technical contraptions in the work of our study.

Vishwa kriya darshana darpana:

This is a photo device coupled with telescopic arrangement to obtain pictures from aerial reconnaissance of activities on ground.  Essentially it is the photo reconnaissance role of the vimana being talked about. 

The interpretative skills of Sri M.K. Kawadkar on the analysis of the functioning and operative details his interpretation is attached as appendix.

Discussion:  The description of this device is mentioned as the first item under 31 parts of the vimana for on-board use.  Photoreconnaissance and Air surveillance are integral parts of air-warfare.  Reproducing the function of this device from the work we read as follows ‘------ and enables the pilot to realise the conditions of the concerned region, and he can take appropriate steps to ward-off danger and inflict damages on the enemy’. 

Analysis of the concept indicate that as the vimana is engaged in offensive and defensive roles, the pilot is provided with the display of visual aid of the area around and take decision for defensive action as well as to assume attack mode.  Tactical and strategic roles are thus covered.  Employed possibly in reconnaissance role, pictures taken could be screened through photo-interpretation to decide the course of action and work out suitable plans.

Going through the constructional details, use of Vishwodara metal, crystals or glass beads, special mirrors for attracting solar rays, image reflectors, joint use of solar and electric power, mercury, universal reflecting mirrors, lenses together with actuating mechanisms have been discussed in the text.  The end objective is to obtain ‘true-to-life’ pictures of the ground environment.

A careful examination of the expression ‘true-to-life’ pictures indicates that the pictures relayed to the pilot are not mere still photographs, but a continuos relay of all activities on the ground.  Use of telescope and camera confirm this.  Activities here should mean movement of troops, their strength, formation and deployment including their weaponry.  In support of this interpretation it is necessary to closely observe the title of this device.  Kriya meaning (activity) and not merely roopa or picture.   It is logical to interpret as a continuos relay of all that is happening on the ground.   In brief, use of cameras, telescopes, photo -chemical processes and the mechanisms of operating them are noticed.

Shaktyakarshana yantra:

One of the on-board features, this device is meant to neutralise and dissipate the effects of radiation occurring in the upper regions of the atmospheric frictions which generate dangerous forces.  Severe forces are caused by winds and ethireal waves. This could be harmful to the structure of the vimana.  It is noticeable that this device is a flight protection contrivance against vagaries of dangers from atmospheric phenomenon.  Constructional and functional details mention use of krowncha metal, special glasses, mirror made of Aadarsha glass, globular ball of Vaatapaa glass, liquefied mixture of load-stone, crystals, mica, serpent’s slough, mercury and crystals.   The essential function is from six crystals or manis which are placed at specified dispositions.  Further description explains that the influence of harmful forces and waves are absorbed through these crystals gradually and converted to heat before dissipating into the atmosphere.  Rohinee Shakti and Bhadra Shakti are to be treated in a similar manner through a different arrangement in order to neutralise or mitigate the dangerous effects.

Here a study of upper atmospheric regions dealt with in Mc Grawhill series indicate that the eddy currents in higher regions are a potential danger to flying craft transiting through them.

Brief analysis of this yantra by Sri M.K. Kawadkar is appended seperately along with Parivesha kriya yantra, Vistrutasya yantra, Vyrupya darpana, Padma chakra Mukha yantra, Kuntinee shakti yantra, Pushpini and Pinjuladarsha yantra, Nala panchaka etc., refer to appedix - G.

Angopasamhara yantra or folding up yantra at the seventh Bindu keelaka:

This yantra is basically a mechanical contraption installed for In-flight use.  It is for protection of vulnerable parts of vimanas against intense heat.  This heat is expected to develop under seasonal conditions.  As the vimana is traversing with fully extended wings, Possibilities of exposure of some parts to this heat exists and this should be prevented.  This relates to ‘sancocha’, a special feature provided for the pilot and features as Angopasamhara yantra.

Discussions:

·        It is essentially a protective device conceived for protection against overheating of the vimanas component while flying with fully extended wings.  Here we also note the provision of variable geometry construction.  When over heating takes place the pilot gets the feed-back of rising temperature.  Depending on the requirements he selects and deploys the protective cover, shielding the parts from the heat.  We note here that temperature measuring device is also provided for relaying the data from the location to the pilot as his cabin display.  Constructional and operating details explain use of metals Sumrileekas and Manjeera, probably in the form of thermo-couple device.  Jacks and actuators to open or close the hatch are also mentioned.  Pilot selects to operate only the required hatch depending upon the need. 

For more analysis of this yantra Sri M.K. Kawadkar’s report is appended separately.

Guhagarbha yantra:

This refers to the special feature prescribed for on-board use in battle related vimanas.

The yantra called in full, as ‘Guhagarbha Aadarsha Yantra’ is to be located in the front bottom of the fuselage of the vimana. 

Its purpose is to detect presence of mines and explosives hidden by the enemy forces underground and transmit their pictures for the pilot’s display to know the location and shape of such destructive material.  The end-use is to achieve precise location and defuse them in achieving safe passage for friendly ground forces.  In this role the vimana performs the function of tactical support to ground forces.

Constructional details of the yantra include use of different geometrical-shaped special mirrors in specified arrangement.

Through a sequence of reflecting mirrors, images/ pictures are captured and developed in-situ through chemical process.  Special reflector called chumbakamani having a property of absorbing reflection from objects is used in the contraption.  Solar rays and electric current are made to act on an acid vessel containing the crystal Chumbakamani.  Electrified rays from the crystal are made to impinge on a downward facing mirror and this in turn will scan the ground underneath to take pictures of mines and explosives.  The pictures are amplified and communicated to the pilot on a specially prepared screen.

The main constituents of the yantra are:

·        Fasteners made of Panchadhara loha.

·        Wooden frame of Anjistha tree

·        Chumbakamani

·        Screen cloth coated with mirror-like gum

Details of fabricating include the following constituent parts.

   Suranjeetaarsha mirror (72^nd type)

   Anjistaa tree

   Paaragrandhika Drava

   Chumbakamani

   Pigments for coating the screen (to obtain clear picture)

   Reflector or Virinchi varnish

   Pathadarpana

Observations:

n      The appropriate location of the yantra related to its function is to be noted.

n      Clear indication of use of concealed mines and explosives in battles of olden times.  As a corollary knowledge of explosive materials and pyrotechnic devices should have evidently prevailed in advanced form.

n      Detection of such explosives through remote sensing gadgets had been envisaged.

n      Detection of underground objects through aerial remote sensing hints at use of special technology in the field.

n      The strategy in such detection hints at closely co-ordinated tactical air support roles to the ground forces.

n      The system indicates that technology existed in not merely detection of hidden explosives but also in defusing them.

n      Photographic and projection technique must have been in advanced stage of technology.

n      The surveillance role should be useful both in strategic and tactical role.

n      It is of interest to note that materials stated in this yantra have been developed by many science laboratories in the country.  The materials are:

Chumbakamani (IIT, Bombay)

PanchadharaLoha, Paragranthika Drava (Birla science centre Hyderabad and Mumbai)

Reports from these labs have been appended to this report.

n      Multiple applications of crystals in digital technology are already seen in- modern times.  It is no wonder if ancient scientists had employed this technology in a much wider sense.

Tamogarbha yantra:

Thamo yantra (darkness capturing device) is dealt with in fair detail in English translation of Vymanika shastra.

The device is meant to protect vimana from poisonous fumes of Rouhinee or Kraakachaarimani rays projected by the enemy.  This is in essence, achieved by creating a darkness around the vimana to make it invisible to the enemy aircraft (ground forces as well) and make their target-sighting impossible.  In this contraption Thamogarbha loha plays a key role.

The device works with revolving two faced mirrors collecting solar rays, activation of acid in the vessel on the opposite side, of mirrors, allowing solar ray to enter the crystal in an acid vessel.  By turning a separate wheel in the west, darkness-intensifying mirror begin to function.  By operation of a central wheel the rays attracted by the mirror will reach the crystal and envelop it.  By operating the main wheel at high speed, darkness will envelop the entire vimana making it invisible.

Preparation of the all-important Thamo garbha loha is as follows:

Black lead, Anjanika (collirium), Vajra Tunda ® In equal parts mixed and      

powdered®  fish shaped Crucible® in crow shaped furnacre ®heated 100° or 354° C.

Discussion:

·        Concept clearly hints at a highly advanced concealing technique on the lines of stealth concept.

·        Visualisation of such a need in air defence role in an attack mode is to be noted.  It could also be a protection against similar offensive weaponry (biological & optical) in surface to air/air to air modes.

·        The technique somewhat resembles the creation of darkness (tama) using solar rays as seen in Dhwanta pramapaka yantra (refers to a research study on Anshubodhinee of Maharshi Bharadwaja – Dr. Dongre's research, even though it discusses spectroscopic measurement.)   In the three bands of solar radiation Tama (darkness) being the infrared band, if used for creating this darkness around the vimana, the purpose of camouflaging is achieved in the same way.  It is therefore interesting to study if the concepts are interrelated.  Correlation of the two principles should be an interesting exercise.

·        Solar rays used in a big way here as well and hence there is every possibility of its direct derivation from Anshubodhinee.

·        It is appropriate to bifurcate, the sources of danger and their targets here.   Poison gases targeted against aircrew and dangerous rays against both vimana and aircrew .  In either case Biological warfare concept is evident.

·        To note that the type of yantra prescribed here is one of the 132 types indicates vast ranges, basic research and development and much wider applications.

For more details on the above two yantras please refer to the analysis of Sri M.K. Kawadkar appended separately.

For the following yantras too, please refer the analysis of Sri M.K. Kawadkar appended separately.

·        Pancha vataskanda nala on the western centre

·        Rowdree mirror.

·        Vataskanda keelaka at the bottom centre

·        Shakthistaana at the front and right sides.

·        Shabdha-kendra-mukha at the left side.

·        Vidyutdwadashaka at the north-east side.

Shabdhakarshaka yantra:

This yantra is covered in a fairly descriptive style.  This device is essentially a warning device to the pilot to get In-flight information on the presence of birds, quadrupeds and soldiers to facilitate taking deviation to safer routes during a mission.  Broadly speaking the device is an audio sensor working on the principle of sensing audio waves within a range of twelve kroshas or 27 miles.  Evidently its working is around the VHF range.  It is significant to note that the Shabdhakarshaka yantra mentioned here is just one out of 32 varieties of devices developed under this category.  This hints that other such devices for similar applications under other frequency bands from originators of sound sources had also been conceptualised and developed.  Further from the description given the device appears to be basically a receiver-mode communication device.

Discussion:

·        It is understandable from the description that warning pickup signals in such cases should be from sources in short distance range (about 27 miles). 

·        In case of warning by sensing sounds of birds it is a logical assumption that the warning needed is against bird concentrations.  Birds do form a serious flight safety hazard as seen even today.  Visualisation of this concept as a flight safety requirement is to be noted.

·        Even if the ‘bird’ referred to is a ’flying machine’, advanc warning of location of vimanas in numbers and the need for advanced warning would still be valid.

·        In respect of quadrupeds and soldiers talked about the interpretation seems to be to get a warning against cavalry and infantry forces largely used in battles of ancient times.  Locating such concentrations through distant-sensing should enable a flying craft to opt for safer courses of flying.  Such an option would be particularly useful for vimanas not capable of defending themselves.

·        Discussing the technical details, eight mechanisms constitute this interesting device.

·        Location of the device at the shoulder of the vimana seems to be very aptly conceived from the point of view of good reception.

·        Use of a rotary system in the device with a pivot and rotating component to receive audio signals from all the directions adds credibility to the concept of  an Omni directional audio receiver with hyper sensitivity.

·        Use of materials such as Rourava bird skin, metals specified for this technology, special dravas such as katana drava (acid), use of domes lined with birds skin (probably act as super sensors), ghantara metal, covering with kwanaka glass, capturing and processing sound inputs, amplyfying them, use of rotating device for reception from all the eight directions, transmitting the terminal output to the pilot, all point to a well designed system developed for a well pervceived purpose.

·        For the purpose of operating the system to capture sound waves, use of airflow to set in motion shabdhathene wheel has been mentioned.  This will set in motion audio sensitive ghantara metal rod which in turn transmits to the dome lined with birds skin.  Passing through simhasya tube and dronasya vessel amplification takes place.

·         Further description in the text includes methods of preparation of special metals forming the parts of the yantra  

CONTENTS