The questions that follow are intended as reminders for the
interrogator and his superiors.
1. Have local (federal or other) laws affecting KUBARK's
conduct of a unilateral or joint interrogation been compiled and
learned?
2. If the interrogatee is to be held, how long may he be
legally detained?
3. Are interrogations conducted by other ODYOKE departments
and agencies with foreign counterintelligence responsibilities
being coordinated with KUBARK if subject to the provisions of
Chief/KUBARK Directive [one-word deletion] or Chief/KUBARK
Directive [one-word deletion] ? Has a planned KUBARK
interrogation subject to the same provisions been appropriately
coordinated?
4. Have applicable KUBARK regulations and directives been
observed? These include [approx. 1/2 line deleted], the related
Chief/KUBARK Directives, [approx. 1/2 line deleted] pertinent
[one or two words deleted], and the provisions governing duress
which appear in various paragraphs of this handbook.
5. Is the prospective interrogatee a PBPRIME citizen? If so,
have the added considerations listed on various paragraphs been
duly noted?
6. Does the interrogators selected for the task meet the four
criteria of (a) adequate training and experience, (b) genuine
familiarity with the language to be used, (c) knowledge of the
geographical/cultural area concerned, and (d) psychological
comprehension of the interrogatee?
7. Has the prospective interrogatee been screened? What are
his major psychological characteristics? Does he belong to one of
the nine major categories listed in pp. 19-28? Which?
8. Has all available and pertinent information about the
subject been assembled and studied?
9. Is the source [approx. 2/3 line deleted], or will
questioning be completed elsewhere? If at a base or station, will
the interrogator, interrogatee, and facilities be available for
the time estimated as necessary to the completion of the process?
If he is to be sent to a center, has the approval of the center
or of Headquarters been obtained?
10. Have all appropriate documents carried by the prospective
interrogatee been subjected to technical analysis?
11. Has a check of logical overt sources been conducted? Is
the interrogation necessary?
12. Have field and headquarters traces been run on the
potential interrogatee and persons closely associated with him by
emotional, family, or business ties?
13. Has a preliminary assessment of bona fides been carried
out? With what results?
14. If an admission of prior association with one or more
foreign intelligence services or Communist parties or fronts has
been obtained, have full particulars been acquired and reported?
15. Has LCFLUTTER been administered? As early as practicable?
More than once? When?
16. Is it estimated that the prospective interrogatee is
likely to prove cooperative or recalcitrant? If resistance is
expected, what is its anticipated source: fear, patriotism,
personal considerations, political convictions, stubbornness,
other?
17. What is the purpose of the interrogation?
18. Has an interrogation plan been prepared?
19. [approx. 5 lines deleted]
20. Is an appropriate setting for interrogation available?
21. Will the interrogation sessions be recorded? Is the
equipment available? Installed?
22. Have arrangements been made to feed, bed, and guard the
subject as necessary?
23. Does the interrogation plan call for more than one
interrogator? If so, have roles been assigned and schedules
prepared?
24. Is the interrogational environment fully subject to the
interrogator's manipulation and control?
25. What disposition is planned for the interrogatee after the
questioning ends?
26. Is it possible, early in the questioning, to determine the
subject's personal response to the interrogator or interrogators?
What is the interrogator's reaction to the subject? Is there an
emotional reaction strong enough to distort results? If so, can
the interrogator be replaced?
27. If the source is resistant, will noncoercive or coercive
techniques be used? What is the reason for the choice?
28. Has the subject been interrogated earlier? Is he
sophisticated about interrogation techniques?
29. Does the impression made by the interrogatee during the
opening phase of the interrogation confirm or conflict with the
preliminary assessment formed before interrogation started? If
there are significant differences, what are they and how do they
affect the plan for the remainder of the questioning?
30. During the opening phase, have the subject's voice, eyes,
mouth, gestures, silences, or other visible clues suggested areas
of sensitivity? If so, on what topics?
31. Has rapport been established during the opening phase?
32. Has the opening phase been followed by a reconnaissance?
What are the key areas of resistance? What tactics and how much
pressure will be required to overcome the resistance? Should the
estimated duration of interrogation be revised? If so, are
further arrangements necessary for continued detention, liaison
support, guarding, or other purposes?
33. In the view of the interrogator, what is the emotional
reaction of the subject to the interrogator? Why?
34. Are interrogation reports being prepared after each
session, from notes or tapes?
35. What disposition of the interrogatee is to be made after
questioning ends? If the subject is suspected of being a hostile
agent and if interrogation has not produced confession, what
measures will be taken to ensure that he is not left to operate
as before, unhindered and unchecked?
36. Are any promises made to the interrogatee unfulfilled when
questioning ends? Is the subject vengeful? Likely to try to
strike back? How?
37. If one or more of the non-coercive techniques discussed on
pp. 52-81 have been selected for use, how do they match the
subject's personality?
38. Are coercive techniques to be employed? If so, have all
field personnel in the interrogator's direct chain of command
been notified? Have they approved?
39. Has prior Headquarters permission been obtained?
40. [approx. 4 lines deleted]
41. As above, for confinement. If the interrogates is to be
confined, can KUBARK control his environment fully? Can the
normal routines be disrupted for interrogation purposes?
42. Is solitary confinement to be used? Why? Does the place of
confinement permit the practical elimination of sensory stimuli?
43. Are threats to be employed? As part of a plan? Has the
nature of the threat been matched to that of the interrogatee?
44. If hypnosis or drugs are thought necessary, has
Headquarters been given enough advance notice? Has adequate
allowance been made for travel time and other preliminaries?
45. Is the interrogatee suspected of malingering? If the
interrogator is uncertain, are the services of an expert
available?
46. At the conclusion of the interrogation, has a
comprehensive summary report been prepared?
47. [approx. 4 lines deleted]
48. [approx. 4 lines deleted]
49. Was the interrogation a success? Why?
50. A failure? Why?
Contents
This bibliography is selective; most of the books and articles
consulted during the preparation of this study have not been
included here. Those that have no real bearing on the
counterintelligence interrogation of resistant sources have been
left out. Also omitted are some sources considered elementary,
inferior, or unsound. It is not claimed that what remains is
comprehensive as well as selective, for the number of published
works having some relevance even to the restricted subject is
over a thousand. But it is believed that all the items listed
here merit reading by KUBARK personnel concerned with
interrogation.
1. Anonymous [approx. 1/3 line deleted], Interrogation ,
undated. This paper is a one-hour lecture on the subject. It is
thoughtful, forthright, and based on extensive experience. It
deals only with interrogation following arrest and detention.
Because the scope is nevertheless broad, the discussion is brisk
but necessarily less than profound.
2. Barioux, Max, "A Method for the Selection, Training,
and Evaluation of Interviewers," Public Opinion Quarterly ,
Spring 1952, Vol. 16, No. 1. This article deals with the problems
of interviewers conducting public opinion polls. It is of only
slight value for interrogators, although it does suggest pitfalls
produced by asking questions that suggest their own answers.
3. Biderman, Albert D., A Study for Development of Improved
Interrogation Techniques : Study SR 177-D (U), Secret, final
report of Contract AS 18 (600) 1797, Bureau of Social Science
Research Inc., Washington, D. C., March 1959. Although this book
(207 pages of text) is principally concerned with lessons derived
from the interrogation of American POW's by Communist services
and with the problem of resisting interrogation, it also deals
with the interrogation of resistant subjects. It has the added
advantage of incorporating the findings and views of a number of
scholars and specialists in subjects closely related to
interrogation. As the frequency of citation indicates, this book
was one of the most useful works consulted; few KUBARK
interrogators would fail to profit from reading it. It also
contains a descriminating but undescribed bibliography of 343
items.
4. Biderman, Albert D., "Communist Attempts to Elicit
False Confession from Air Force Prisoners of War", Bulletin
of the New York Academy of Medicine , September 1957, Vol. 33. An
excellent analysis of the psychological pressures applied by
Chinese Communists to American POW's to extract
"confessions" for propaganda purposes.
5. Biderman, Albert D., "Communist Techniques of Coercive
Interrogation", Air Intelligence , July 1955, Vol. 8, No. 7.
This short article does not discuss details. Its subject is
closely related to that of item 4 above; but the focus is on
interrogation rather than the elicitation of
"confessions".
6. Biderman, Albert D., "Social Psychological Needs and
'Involuntary' Behavior as Illustrated by Compliance in
Interrogation", Sociometry , June 1960, Vol. 23. This
interesting article is directly relevant. It provides a useful
insight into the interaction between interrogator and
interrogatee. It should be compared with Melton W. Horowitz's
"Psychology of Confession" (see below).
7. Biderman, Albert D. and Herbert Zimmer, The Manipulation of
Human Behavior , John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York and London,
1961. This book of 304 pages consists of an introduction by the
editors and seven chapters by the following specialists: Dr.
Lawrence E. Hinkle Jr., "The Physiological State of the
Interrogation Subject as it Affects Brain Function"; Dr.
Philip E. Kubzansky, "The Effects of Reduced Environmental
Stimulation on Human Behavior: A Review"; Dr. Louis A.
Gottschalk, "The Use of Drugs in Interrogation"; Dr. R.
C. Davis, "Physiological Responses as a Means of Evaluating
Information" (this chapter deals with the polygraph); Dr.
Martin T. Orne, "The Potential Uses of Hypnosis In
Interrogation"; Drs. Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton,
"The Experimental Investigation of Interpersonal
Influence"; and Dr. Malcolm L. Meltzer,
"Countermanipulation through Malingering." Despite the
editors preliminary announcement that the book has "a
particular frame of reference; the interrogation of an unwilling
subject", the stress is on the listed psychological
specialties; and interrogation gets comparitively short shrift.
Nevertheless, the KUBARK interrogator should read this book,
especially the chapters by Drs. Orne and Meltzer. He will find
that the book is by scientists for scientists and that the
contributions consistently demonstrate too theoretical an
understanding of interrogation per se. He will also find that
practically no valid experimentation the results of which were
unclassified and available to the authors has been conducted
under interrogation conditions. Conclusions are suggested, almost
invariably, on a basis of extrapolation. But the book does
contain much useful information, as frequent references in this
study show. The combined bibliographies contain a total of 771
items.
8. [approx. 14 lines deleted]
10. [approx. 9 lines deleted]
11. [approx. 3 lines deleted]
[approx. 3 lines deleted]
12. [approx. 9 lines deleted]
13. Gill, Merton, Inc., and Margaret Brenman, Hypnosis and
Related States: Psychoanalytic Studies in Regression ,
International Universities Press Inc., New York, 1959. This book
is a scholarly and comprehensive examination of hypnosis. The
approach is basically Freudian but the authors are neither narrow
nor doctrinaire. The book discusses the induction of hypnosis,
the hypnotic state, theories of induction and of the hypnotic
condition, the concept of regression as a basic element in
hypnosis, relationships between hypnosis and drugs, sleep, fugue,
etc., and the use of hypnosis in psychotherapy. Interrogators may
find the comparison between hypnosis and "brainwashing"
in chapter 9 more relevant than other parts. The book is
recommended, however, not because it contains any discussion of
the employment of hypnosis in interrogation (it does not) but
because it provides the interrogator with sound information about
what hypnosis can and cannot do.
14. Hinkle, Lawrence E. Jr. and Harold G. Wolff,
"Communist Interrogation and Indoctrination of Enemies of
the State", AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry ,
August 1956, Vol. 76, No. 2. This article summarizes the
physiological and psychological reactions of American prisoners
to Communist detention and interrogation. It merits reading but
not study, chiefly because of the vast differences between
Communist interrogation of American POW's and KUBARK
interrogation of known or suspected personnel of Communist
services or parties.
15. Horowitz, Milton W., "Psychology of Confession."
Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science ,
July-August 1956, Vol. 47. The author lists the following
principles of confession: (1) the subject feels accused; (2) he
is confronted by authority wielding power greater than his own;
(3) he believes that evidence damaging to him is available to or
possessed by the authority; (4) the accused is cut off from
friendly support; (5) self-hostility is generated; and (6)
confession to authority promises relief. Although the article is
essentially a speculation rather than a report of verified facts,
it merits close reading.
16. Inbau, Fred E. and John E. Reid, Lie Detection and
Criminal Investigation , Williams and Wilkin Co., 1953. The first
part of this book consists of a discussion of the polygraph. It
will be more useful to the KUBARK interrogator than the second,
which deals with the elements of criminal interrogation.
17. KHOKHLOV, Nicolai, In the Name of Conscience , David McKay
Co., New York, 1959. This entry is included chiefly because of
the cited quotation. It does provide, however, some interesting
insights into the attitudes of an interrogatee.
18. KUBARK, Communist Control Methods , Appendix 1: "The
Use of Scientific Design and Guidance Drugs and Hypnosis in
Communist Interrogation and Indoctrination Procedures."
Secret, no date. The appendix reports a study of whether
Communist interrogation methods included such aids as hypnosis
and drugs. Although experimentation in these areas is, of course,
conducted in Communist countries, the study found no evidence
that such methods are used in Communist interrogations -- or that
they would be necessary.
19. KUBARK (KUSODA), Communist Control Techniques , Secret, 2
April 1956. This study is an analysis of the methods used by
Communist State police in the arrest, interrogation, and
indoctrination of persons regarded as enemies of the state. This
paper, like others which deal with Communist interrogation
techniques, may be useful to any KUBARK interrogator charged with
questioning a former member of an Orbit intelligence or security
service but does not deal with interrogation conducted without
police powers.
20. KUBARK, Hostile Control and Interrogation Techniques ,
Secret, undated. This paper consists of 28 pages and two annexes.
It provides counsel to KUBARK personnel on how to resist
interrogation conducted by a hostile service. Although it
includes advice on resistance, it does not present any new
information about the theories or practices of interrogation.
21. [approx. 15 lines deleted]
23. Laycock, Keith, "Handwriting Analysis as an
Assessment Aid," Studies in Intelligence, Summer 1959, Vol.
3, No. 3. A defense of graphology by an "educated
amateur." Although the article is interesting, it does not
present tested evidence that the analysis of a subject's
handwriting would be a useful aid to an interrogator.
Recommended, nevertheless, for interrogators unfamiliar with the
subject.
24. Lefton, Robert Jay, "Chinese Communist 'Thought
Reform.': Confession and Reeducation of Western Civilians,"
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine , September 1957,
Vol. 33. A sound article about Chicom brainwashing techniques.
The information was compiled from first-hand interviews with
prisoners who had been subjected to the process. Recommended as
background reading.
25. Levenson, Bernard and Lee Wiggins, A Guide for
Intelligence Interviewing of Voluntary Foreign Sources , Official
Use Only, Officer Education Research Laboratory, ARDC, Maxwell
Air Force Base (Technical Memorandum OERL-TM-54-4.) A good,
though generalized, treatise on interviewing techniques. As the
title shows, the subject is different from that of the present
study.
26. Lilly, John C., "Mental Effects of Reduction of
Ordinary Levels of Physical Stimuli on Intact Healthy
Persons." Psychological Research Report #5 , American
Psychiatric Association, 1956. After presenting a short summary
of a few autobiographical accounts written about relative
isolation at sea (in small boats) or polar regions, the author
describes two experiments designed to mask or drastically reduce
most sensory stimulation. The effect was to speed up the results
of the more usual sort of isolation (for example, solitary
confinement). Delusions and hallucinations, preceded by other
symptoms, appeared after short periods. The author does not
discuss the possible relevance of his findings to interrogation.
27. Meerlo, Joost A.M., The Rape of the Mind , World
Publishing Co., Cleveland, 1956. This book's primary value for
the interrogator is that it will make him aware of a number of
elements in the responses of an interrogatee which are not
directly related to the questions asked or the interrogation
setting but are instead the product of (or are at least
influenced by) all questioning that the subject has undergone
earlier, especially as a child. For many interrogatees the
interrogator becomes, for better or worse, the parent or
authority symbol. Whether the subject is submissive or
belligerent may be determined in part by his childhood
relationships with his parents. Because the same forces are at
work in the interrogator, the interrogation may be chiefly a
cover for a deeper layer of exchange or conflict between the two.
For the interrogator a primary value of this book (and of much
related psychological and psychoanalytic work) is that it may
give him a deeper insight into himself.
28. Moloney, James Clark, "Psychic Self-Abandon and
Extortion of Confessions," International Journal of
Psychoanalysis , January/February 1955, Vol. 36. This short
article relates the psychological release obtained through
confession (i. e., the sense of well-being following surrender as
a solution to an otherwise unsolvable conflict) with religious
experience generally and some ten Buddhistic practices
particularly. The interrogator will find little here that is not
more helpfully discussed in other sources, including Gill and
Brenman's Hypnosis and Related States . Marginal.
29. Oatis, William N. "Why I Confessed," Life , 21
September 1953, Vol. 35. Of some marginal value because it
combines the writer's profession of innocence ("I am not a
spy and never was") with an account of how he was brought to
"confess" to espionage within three days of his arrest.
Although Oatis was periodically deprived of sleep (once for 42
hours) and forced to stand until weary, the Czechs obtained the
"confessions" without torture or starvation and without
sophisticated techniques.
30. Rundquist, E.A., "The Assessment of Graphology,
" Studies in Intelligence , Secret, Summer 1959, Vol. 3, No.
3. The author concludes that scientific testing of graphology is
needed to permit an objective assessment of the claims made in
its behalf. This article should be read in conjunction with No.
23, above.
31. Schachter, Stanley, The Psychology of Affiliation:
Experimental Studies of the Sources of Gregariousness , Stanford
University Press, Stanford, California, 1959. A report of 133
pages, chiefly concerned with experiments and statistical
analyses performed at the University of Minnesota by Dr.
Schachter and colleagues. The principal findings concern
relationships among anxiety, strength of affiliative tendencies,
and the ordinal position (i.e., rank in birth sequence among
siblings). Some tentative conclusions of significance for
interrogators are reached, the following among them:
a. "One of the consequences of isolation appears to be a
psychological state which in its extreme form resembles a
full-blown anxiety attack." (p. 12.)
b. Anxiety increases the desire to be with others who share
the same fear.
c. Persons who are first-born or only children are typically
more nervous or afraid than those born later. Firstborns and
onlies are also "considerably less willing or able to
withstand pain than are later-born children." (p. 49.) In
brief, this book presents hypotheses of interest to interrogators
but much further research is needed to test validity and
applicability.
32. Sheehan, Robert, Police Interview and Interrogations and
the Preparation and Signing of Statements . A 23-page pamphlet,
unclassified and undated, that discusses some techniques and
tricks that can be used in counterintelligence interrogation. The
style is sprightly, but most of the material is only slightly
related to KUBARK's interrogation problems. Recommended as
background reading.
33. Singer, Margaret Thaler and Edgar H. Schein,
"Projective Test Responses of Prisoners of War Following
Repatriation." Psychiatry , 1958, Vol. 21. Tests conducted
on American ex-POW's returned during the Big and Little Switches
in Korea showed differences in characteristics between
non-collaborators and corroborators. The latter showed more
typical and humanly responsive reactions to psychological testing
than the former, who tended to be more apathetic and emotionally
barren or withdrawn. Active resisters, however, often showed a
pattern of reaction or responsiveness like that of collaborators.
Rorschach tests provided clues, with a good statistical incidence
of reliability, for differentiation between collaborators and
non-collaborators. The tests and results described are worth
noting in conjunction with the screening procedures recommended
in this paper.
34. Sullivan, Harry Stack, The Psychiatric Interview , W. W.
Norton and Co., New York, 1954. Any interrogator reading this
book will be struck by parallels between the psychiatric
interview and the interrogation. The book is also valuable
because the author, a psychiatrist of considerable repute,
obviously had a deep understanding of the nature of the
inter-personal relationship and of resistance.
35. U.S. Army, Office of the Chief of Military History,
Russian Methods of Interrogating Captured Personnel in World War
II , Secret, Washington, 1951. A comprehensive treatise on
Russian intelligence and police systems and on the history of
Russian treatment of captives, military and civilian, during and
following World War II. The appendix contains some specific case
summaries of physical torture by the secret police. Only a small
part of the book deals with interrogation. Background reading.
36. U.S. Army, 7707 European Command Intelligence Center,
Guide for Intelligence Interrogators of Eastern Cases , Secret,
April 1958. This specialized study is of some marginal value for
KUBARK interrogators dealing with Russians and other Slavs.
37. U. S. Army, The Army Intelligence School, Fort Holabird,
Techniques of Interrogation , Instructors Folder I-6437/A,
January 1956. This folder consists largely of an article,
"Without Torture," by a German ex-interrogator, Hans
Joachim Scharff. Both the preliminary discussion and the Scharff
article (first published in Argosy , May 1950) are exclusively
concerned with the interrogation of POW's. Although Scharff
claims that the methods used by German Military Intelligence
against captured U.S. Air Force personnel "... were almost
irresistible," the basic technique consisted of impressing
upon the prisoner the false conviction that his information was
already known to the Germans in full detail. The success of this
method depends upon circumstances that are usually lacking in the
peacetime interrogation of a staff or agent member of a hostile
intelligence service. The article merits reading, nevertheless,
because it shows vividly the advantages that result from good
planning and organization.
38. U. S. Army, Counterintelligence Corps, Fort Holabird,
Interrogations, Restricted, 5 September 1952. Basic coverage of
military interrogation. Among the subjects discussed are the
interrogation of witnesses, suspects, POW's, and refugees, and
the employment of interpreters and of the polygraph. Although
this text does not concentrate upon the basic problems
confronting KUBARK interrogators, it will repay reading.
39. U.S. Army, Counterintelligence Corps, Fort Holabird,
Investigative Subjects Department, Interrogations, Restricted, 1
May 1950. This 70-gage booklet on counterintelligence
interrogation is basic, succinct, practical, and sound.
Recommended for close reading.
40. [approx. 5 lines deleted]
41. Wellman, Francis L., The Art of Cross-Examination , Garden
City Publishing Co. (now Doubleday), New York, originally 1903,
4th edition, 1948. Most of this book is but indirectly related to
the subject of this study; it is primarily concerned with
tripping up witnesses and impressing juries. Chapter VIII,
"Fallacies of Testimony," is worth reading, however,
because some of its warnings are applicable.
42. Wexler, Donald, Jack Mendelson, Herbert Leiderman, and
Philip Solomon, "Sensory Deprivation," A.M.A. Archives
of Neurology and Psychiatry , 1958, 79, pp. 225-233. This article
reports an experiment designed to test the results of eliminating
most sensory stimuli and masking others. Paid volunteers spent
periods from 1 hour and 38 minutes to 36 hours in a
tank-respirator. The results included inability to concentrate
effectively, daydreaming and fantasy, illusions, delusions, and
hallucinations. The suitability of this procedure as a means of
speeding up the effects of solitary confinement upon recalcitrant
subjects has not been considered.
OTHER BIBLIOGRAPHIES
The following bibliographies on interrogation were noted during
the preparation of this study.
1. Brainwashing, A Guide to the Literature , prepared by the
Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, Inc., Forest
Hills, New York, December 1960. A wide variety of materials is
represented: scholarly and scientific reports, governmental and
organizational reports, legal discussions, biographical accounts,
fiction, journalism, and miscellaneous. The number of items in
each category is, respectively, 139, 28, 7, 75, 10, 14, and 19, a
total of 418. One or two sentence descriptions follow the titles.
These are restricted to an indication of content and do not
express value judgements. The first section contains a number of
especially useful references.
2. Comprehensive Bibliography of Interrogation Techniques,
Procedures, and Experiences , Air Intelligence Information
Report, Unclassified, 10 June 1959. This bibliography of 158
items dating between 1915 and 1957 comprises "the monographs
on this subject available in the Library of Congress and arranged
in alphabetical order by author, or in the absence of an author,
by title." No descriptions are included, except for
explanatory sub-titles. The monographs, in several languages, are
not categorized. This collection is extremely heterogeneous. Most
of the items are of scant or peripheral value to the
interrogator.
3. Interrogation Methods and Techniques , KUPALM, L-3, 024,
941, July 1959, Secret/NOFORN. This bibliography of 114 items
includes references to four categories: books and pamphlets,
articles from periodicals, classified documents, and materials
from classified periodicals. No descriptions (except sub-titles)
are included. The range is broad, so that a number of
nearly-irrelevant titles are included (e.g., Employment
psychology : the Interview , Interviewing in social research ,
and "Phrasing questions; the question of bias in
interviewing", from Journal of Marketing ).
4. Survey of the Literature on Interrogation Techniques ,
KUSODA, 1 March 1957, Confidential. Although now somewhat dated
because of the significant work done since its publication, this
bibliography remains the best of those listed. It groups its 114
items in four categories: Basic Recommended Reading, Recommended
Reading, Reading of Limited or Marginal Value, and Reading of No
Value. A brief description of each item is included. Although
some element of subjectivity inevitably tinges these brief,
critical appraisals, they are judicious; and they are also real
time-savers for interrogators too busy to plough through the
acres of print on the specialty.
Contents
A
Abnormalities, spotting of 32
Agents 17
Alice in Wonderland technique 76
All-Seeing Eye technique 67
Anxious, self-centered character 24-25
Arrests 35, 85-86
Assessment, definition of 4
B
Bi-level functioning of interrogator 48
Biographic data 62
Bona fides, definition of 4
C
Character wrecked by success, the 26
Coercive interrogation 82-104
Conclusion of interrogation see
Termination
Confession 38-41, 67, 84
Confinement (see also Deprivation of Sensory Stimuli) 86-87
Confrontation of suspects 47
Control, definition of 4
Conversion 51
Coordination of interrogations 7
Counterintelligence interrogation, definition of 4-5
Cross-examination 58-59
D
Debility 83, 92-93
Debriefing, definition of 5
Defectors 16, 29, 43, 51, 63
Deprivation of sensory stimuli 87-90
Detailed questioning 60-64
Detention of interrogatees 6-8, 49, 86-87
Directives governing interrogation 7
Documents of defectors 36
Double agent 17-18
Drugs (see Narcosis)
Duress (see also Coercive Interrogation)
E
Eliciting, definition of 5
Environment, manipulation of 45-46, 52-53
Escapees 16
Espionage Act 8
Exception, the, as psychological type 27-28
F
Fabricators 18-19
False confessions 94
First children 29
G
Galvanic skin response and the polygraph 80
Going Next Door technique 66
Graphology 81
Greedy-demanding character 23-24
Guilt, feelings of 39, 66, 83
Guilt-ridden character 25-26
H
Heightened suggestibility and hypnosis 95-98
I
Indicators of emotion, physical 54-56
Indirect Assessment Program 30
Informer techniques 67-68
Intelligence interview, definition of 5
Interpreters 74
Interrogatees, emotional needs of
Interrogation, definition of 5
Interrogation, planning of 42-44
Interrogation setting 45-47
Interrogator, desirable characteristics of 10
Interrogator's check list 105-109
Isolation 29
Ivan Is A Dope technique 72
J
Joint Interrogations 4, 43
Joint interrogators, techniques suitable for 47-48, 72-73
Joint suspects 47, 70-72
Judging human nature, fallacies about 12-13
K
Khokhlov, Nikolai 9
L
Language considerations 74
LCFLUTTER 43
Legal considerations affecting KUBARK CI interrogations 6-9
Listening post for interrogations 47
Local laws, importance of 6
M
Magic room technique 77-78
Malingering, detection of 101-102
Matching of interrogation method to source 66
Mindszenty, Cardinal, interrogation of 31
Mutt and Jeff technique 72-73
N
Narcosis 98-100
News from Home technique 68
Nobody Loves You technique 67
Non-coercive interrogation 52-81
O
ODENBY, coordination with 8
Only children 29
Opening the interrogation 53-59
Optimistic character 22-23
Orderly-obstinate character 21-22
Ordinal position 29
Organization of handbook, explanation of 3
Outer and inner office technique 71
P
Pain 90, 93-95
Pauses, significance of 56
PBPRIME citizens, interrogation of 7-8
Penetration agents 11, 18
Personality, categories of 19-28
Personalizing, avoidance of 12
Placebos 77-78
Planning the counterintelligence interrogation 7, 38-44
Police powers, KUBARK's lack of 6-7, 43-44
Policy considerations affecting KUBARK CI interrogations 6-9
Polygraph 79-81
Post-hypnotic suggestion 98
Probing 59-60
Provocateur 11, 17
Purpose of handbook 1-2
R
Rapport, establishment of 10-11, 56
Rationalization 41, 78, 85
Reconnaissance 59-60
Recording of interrogations 46-47
Refugees 16
Regression 40-41, 76-78, 96
Relationship, interrogator-interrogatee 40
Repatriates 15, 42-43
Reports of interrogation 61
Resistance of interrogatees 56-58
Resistance to interrogation 44-45
Respiration rate and the polygraph 80
S
Schizoid character 26-27
Screening 13, 30-33
Separation of interrogatees 47
Silent drugs 97-99
Spinoza and Mortimer Snerd technique 75
Structure of the interrogation 53-65
Swindlers 18-19
Systolic blood pressure and the polygraph 80
T
Techniques of non-coercive interrogation 65-81
Termination of interrogation 50, 63-65
Theory of coercive interrogation 82-84
Threats and fear 90-92
Timing 49-50
Transfer of interrogates to host service 50
Transferred sources 16-17
Trauma 66
Travelers 15
W
Walk-ins 34-36
Witness techniques 68-70
Wolf in Sheep's Clothing technique 75
Contents
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