DoCS - Stealing Our Children
for Medicine?


One Australian Family's Nightmare
Loss of Health Freedom


A Report
By
Eve Hillary
Posted August 14, 2003

Part 5

End Section
Contains:

Source Materials for Further Study
Websites for Further Information
References for Professionals

Chemotherapy quotes
Cancer Chemotherapy

"Two to 4% of cancers respond to chemotherapy….The bottom line is for a few kinds of cancer chemo is a life extending procedure---Hodgkin's disease, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL), Testicular cancer, and Choriocarcinoma."----Ralph Moss, Ph.D. 1995 Author of Questioning Chemotherapy.

"NCI now actually anticipates further increases, and not decreases, in cancer mortality rates, from 171/100,000 in 1984 to 175/100,000 by the year 2000!"--Samuel Epstein.

"A study of over 10,000 patients shows clearly that chemo's supposedly strong track record with Hodgkin's disease (lymphoma) is actually a lie. Patients who underwent chemo were 14 times more likely to develop leukemia and 6 times more likely to develop cancers of the bones, joints, and soft tissues than those patients who did not undergo chemotherapy (NCI Journal 87:10)."-John Diamond

Children who are successfully treated for Hodgkin's disease are 18 times more likely later to develop secondary malignant tumours. Girls face a 35 per cent chance of developing breast cancer by the time they are 40----which is 75 times greater than the average. The risk of leukemia increased markedly four years after the ending of successful treatment, and reached a plateau after 14 years, but the risk of developing solid tumours remained high and approached 30 per cent at 30 years (New Eng J Med, March 21, 1996)

"Success of most chemotherapy is appalling…There is no scientific evidence for its ability to extend in any appreciable way the lives of patients suffering from the most common organic cancer…chemotherapy for malignancies too advanced for surgery which accounts for 80% of all cancers is a scientific wasteland."---Dr Ulrich Abel. 1990

The New England Journal of Medicine Reports- War on Cancer Is a Failure: Despite $30 billion spent on research and treatments since 1970, cancer remains "undefeated," with a death rate not lower but 6% higher in 1997 than 1970, stated John C. Bailar III, M.D., Ph.D., and Heather L. Gornik, M.H.S., both of the Department of Health Studies at the University of Chicago in Illinois. "The war against cancer is far from over," stated Dr. Bailar. "The effect of new treatments for cancer on mortality has been largely disappointing."

"My studies have proved conclusively that untreated cancer victims live up to four times longer than treated individuals. If one has cancer and opts to do nothing at all, he will live longer and feel better than if he undergoes radiation, chemotherapy or surgery, other than when used in immediate life-threatening situations."---Prof Jones. (1956 Transactions of the N.Y. Academy of Medical Sciences, vol 6. In a fifty page article by Hardin Jones of National Cancer Institute of Bethesda, Maryland, he surveyed global cancer of all types and compared the untreated and the treated, to conclude that the untreated outlives the treated, both in terms of quality and in terms of quantity.

"With some cancers, notably liver, lung, pancreas, bone and advanced breast, our 5 year survival from traditional therapy alone is virtually the same as it was 30 years ago."---P Quillin, Ph.D.

"1.7% increase in terms of success rate a year, its nothing. By the time we get to the 24 century we might have effective treatments, Star Trek will be long gone by that time." Ralph Moss.

"….chemotherapy's success record is dismal. It can achieve remissions in about 7% of all human cancers; for an additional 15% of cases, survival can be "prolonged" beyond the point at which death would be expected without treatment. This type of survival is not the same as a cure or even restored quality of life."-John Diamond, M.D.

"Keep in mind that the 5 year mark is still used as the official guideline for "cure" by mainstream oncologists. Statistically, the 5 year cure makes chemotherapy look good for certain kinds of cancer, but when you follow cancer patients beyond 5 years, the reality often shifts in a dramatic way."-Dr. John Diamond MD

"Most cancer patients in this country die of chemotherapy…Chemotherapy does not eliminate breast, colon or lung cancers. This fact has been documented for over a decade. Yet doctors still use chemotherapy for these tumours…Women with breast cancer are likely to die faster with chemo than without it."-Alan Levin, M.D.

"The five year cancer survival statistics of the American Cancer Society are very misleading. They now count things that are not cancer, and, because we are able to diagnose at an earlier stage of the disease, patients falsely appear to live longer. Our whole cancer research in the past 20 years has been a failure. More people over 30 are dying from cancer than ever before…More women with mild or benign diseases are being included in statistics and reported as being "cured". When government officials point to survival figures and say they are winning the war against cancer they are using those survival rates improperly."---Dr J. Bailer, New England Journal of Medicine (Dr Bailer's answer to questions put by Neal Barnard MD of the Physicians Committee For Responsible Medicine and published in PCRM Update, sept/oct 1990.

"I look upon cancer in the same way that I look upon heart disease, arthritis, high blood pressure, or even obesity, for that matter, in that by dramatically strengthening the body's immune system through diet, nutritional supplements, and exercise, the body can rid itself of the cancer, just as it does in other degenerative diseases. Consequently, I wouldn't have chemotherapy and radiation because I'm not interested in therapies that cripple the immune system, and, in my opinion, virtually ensure failure for the majority of cancer patients."---Dr Julian Whitaker, M.D.

"Finding a cure for cancer is absolutely contraindicated by the profits of the cancer industry's chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery cash trough."-Dr Diamond, M.D.

"We have a multi-billion dollar industry that is killing people, right and left, just for financial gain. Their idea of research is to see whether two doses of this poison is better than three doses of that poison."-Glen Warner, M.D. oncologist.

John Robbins:

from Reclaiming Our Health: Exploding the Medical Myth and Embracing the Source of True Healing by John Robbins.

"If you can shrink the tumour 50% or more for 28 days you have got the FDA's definition of an active drug. That is called a response rate, so you have a response...(but) when you look to see if there is any life prolongation from taking this treatment what you find is all kinds of hocus pocus and song and dance about the disease free survival, and this and that. In the end there is no proof that chemotherapy in the vast majority of cases actually extends life, and this is the GREAT LIE about chemotherapy, that somehow there is a correlation between shrinking a tumour and extending the life of the patient."---Ralph Moss

"The majority of publications equate the effect of chemotherapy with (tumour) response, irrespective of survival. Many oncologists take it for granted that response to therapy prolongs survival, an opinion which is based on a fallacy and which is not supported by clinical studies. To date there is no clear evidence that the treated patients, as a whole, benefit from chemotherapy as to their quality of life."---Abel.1990.

"For the majority of the cancers we examined, the actual improvements (in survival) have been small or have been overestimated by the published rates...It is difficult to find that there has been much progress...(For breast cancer), there is a slight improvement...(which) is considerably less than reported."---U.S. Federal Government General Accounting Office

"As a chemist trained to interpret data, it is incomprehensible to me that physicians can ignore the clear evidence that chemotherapy does much, much more harm than good."---Alan Nixon, Ph.D., Past President, American Chemical Society.

"He said, "I'm giving cancer patients over here at this major cancer clinic drugs that are killing them, and I can't stop it because they say the protocol's what's important." And I say, "But the patient's not doing well." They say, "The protocol's what's important, not the patient." And he said, "You can't believe what goes on in the name of medicine and science in this country." --Gary Null

The Politics of Cancer--- Professor Emeritus Dr. Samuel Epstein http://www.preventcancer.com/

That in spite of over $20 billion expenditures since the "War against Cancer" was launched by President Nixon in 1971, there has been little if any significant improvement in treatment and survival rates for most common cancers, in spite of contrary misleading hype by the cancer establishment---the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and American Cancer Society (ACS).

That the cancer establishment remains myopically fixated on damage control _diagnosis and treatment _ and basic genetic research, with, not always benign, indifference to cancer prevention. Meanwhile, the incidence of cancer, including nonsmoking cancers, has escalated to epidemic proportions with lifetime cancer risks now approaching 50%.

That the NCI has a long track record of budgetary shell games in efforts to mislead Congress and the public with its claim that it allocates substantial resources to cancer prevention. Over the last year, the NCI has made a series of widely divergent claims, ranging from $480 million to $1 billion, for its prevention budget while realistic estimates are well under $100 million.

That the NCI allocates less than 1% of its budget to research on occupational cancer the most avoidable of all cancers which accounts for well over 10% of all adult cancer deaths, besides being a major cause of childhood cancer.

That cancer establishment policies, particularly those of the ACS, are strongly influenced by pervasive conflicts of interest with the cancer drug and other industries. As admitted by former NCI director Samuel Broder, the NCI has become "what amounts to a governmental pharmaceutical company."

That the MD Anderson Comprehensive Cancer Center was sued in August, 1998 for making unsubstantiated claims that it cures "well over 50% of people with cancer."

That the NCI, with enthusiastic support from the ACS the tail that wags the NCI dog has effectively blocked funding for research and clinical trials on promising non-toxic alternative cancer drugs for decades, in favor of highly toxic and largely ineffective patented drugs developed by the multibillion dollar global cancer drug industry. Additionally, the cancer establishment has systematically harassed the proponents of non-toxic alternative cancer drugs.

That, as reported in The Chronicle of Philanthropy, the ACS is "more interested in accumulating wealth than saving lives." Furthermore, it is the only known "charity" that makes contributions to political parties.

That the NCI and ACS have embarked on unethical trials with two hormonal drugs, tamoxifen and Evista, in ill-conceived attempts to prevent breast cancer in healthy women while suppressing evidence that these drugs are known to cause liver and ovarian cancer, respectively, and in spite of the short-term lethal complications of tamoxifen. The establishment also proposes further chemoprevention trials this fall on tamoxifen, and also Evista, in spite of two published long-term European studies on the ineffectiveness of tamoxifen. This represents medical malpractice verging on the criminal.

That the ACS and NCI have failed to provide Congress and regulatory agencies with available scientific information on a wide range of unwitting exposures to avoidable carcinogens in air, water, the workplace, and consumer products food, cosmetics and toiletries, and household products. As a result, corrective legislative and regulatory action has not been taken.

That the cancer establishment has also failed to provide the public, particularly African American and underprivileged ethnic groups with their disproportionately higher cancer incidence rates, with information on avoidable carcinogenic exposures, thus depriving them of their right-to-know and effectively preventing them from taking action to protect themselves a flagrant denial of environmental justice

www.ciss.org.au Cancer Inormation and Support Society Sydney, Aust.
www.cancerresourcecenter.com
www.canceranswers.com
www.cancerdecisions.com
www.alternative-cancer-treatments.com
www.ralphmoss.com
www.alternative-cancer.net
www.oasisofhope.com/resources/statistics
http://www.handpen.com/Cancell/alternatives
www.cancercenter.com Integrated cancer hospital.
www.cancer-info.com

According to the National Cancer Institute, about one-third of all cancer deaths are related to malnutrition. For cancer patients, optimal nutrition is important. Cancer can deplete your body's nutrients and cause weight loss.

Cancer and cancer treatment can also have a negative effect on your appetite, and your body's ability to digest foods. These factors may leave you in a vulnerable condition - high nutrient need, and low nutrient intake.

At Cancer Treatment Centers of America, we believe that nutrition plays an important role in the treatment of cancer. That's why each patient who comes to us for help receives a nutrition assessment and an individualized plan designed to prevent malnutrition, reduce side effects and enhance his or her overall well being. Cancer Treatment Centres of America.

http://www.naturalstandard.com/
Database on natural cancer therapies for health professionals. Pay site.

References

1. Einhorn, J., Nitrogen mustard: the origin of chemotherapy for cancer, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 1985, 11(7), 1375-1378.

2. Goodman, L. S.; Wintrobe, M. M.; Dameshek, W.; Goodman, M. J.; Gilman, A.; McLennan, M. T., Landmark article Sept. 21, 1946: Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride and tris(beta-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 1984, 251(17), 2255-2261.

3. Delayed Administration of Sodium Thiosulfate in Animal Models Reduces Platinum Ototoxicity without Reduction of Antitumor Activity Leslie L. Muldoon, Michael A. Pagel, Robert A. Kroll, Robert E. Brummett, Nancy D. Doolittle, Eleanor G. Zuhowski, Merrill J. Egorin and Edward A. Neuwelt

4. In an especially dramatic table, Dr. Abel displays the results of chemotherapy in patients with various types of cancers, as the improvement of survival rates, compared to untreated patients. This table shows:



5. Sankila, Risto, et al. "Risk of cancer among offspring of childhood cancer survivors." New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 19 (1998): 1339-44.

6.Sklar, C.A. "Growth and neuroendocrine dysfunction following therapy for childhood cancer." Pediatric Clinics of North America 44 (1997): 489-503.

7. Wallace, W.H., and C.J. Kelnar. "Late effects of antineoplastic therapy in childhood on growth and endocrine function." Drug Safety 15, no. 5 (Nov 1996): 325-32.

8. Sklar, C.A. "Growth and neuroendocrine dysfunction following therapy for childhood cancer." Pediatric Clinics of North America 44 (1997): 489-503.

9. Wallace, W.H., and C.J. Kelnar. "Late effects of antineoplastic therapy in childhood on growth and endocrine function." Drug Safety 15, no. 5 (Nov 1996): 325-32.

10. Goldiner, P.L., and O. Schweizer. "The hazards of anesthesia and surgery in bleomycin-treated patients." Seminars in Oncology 6, no. 1 (Mar 1979): 121-4.

11. Hulbert, J.C., J.E. Grossman, and K.B. Cummings. "Risk factors of anesthesia and surgery in bleomycin-treated patients." Journal of Urology 130, no. 1 (Jul 1983): 163-4.

12. Miller, R.W., et al. "Pulmonary function abnormalities in long-term survivors of childhood cancer." Medical Pediatric Oncology 14, no. 4 (1986): 202-7.

13. Farrell, G.C. "Drug-induced hepatic injury." Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 12, no. 9-10 (Oct 1997): S242-50.

14. Aisenberg, J., et al. "Bone mineral density in young adult survivors of childhood cancer." Journal of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology 20, no. 3 (May-Jun 1998): 241-5.

15. Arikoski, P., et al. "Reduced bone mineral density in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Journal of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology 20, no. 3 (May 1998): 234-240.

16. Halton, J.M., et al. "Altered mineral metabolism and bone mass in children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Journal of Bone Mineral Research 11, no. 11 (Nov 1996): 1774-83.

17. Hanif, I., H. Mahmoud, and C.H. Pui. "Avascular femoral head necrosis in pediatric cancer patients." Medical Pediatric Oncology 21, no. 9 (1993): 655-60.

18. Henderson, R.C., C.D. Madsen, C. Davis, and S.H. Gold. "Bone density in survivors of childhood malignancies." Journal of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology 18, no. 4 (Nov 1996): 367-71.

19. Henderson, R.C., et al. "Longitudinal evaluation of bone mineral density in children receiving chemotherapy." Journal of Pediatrics Hematology/Oncology 20, no. 4 (Jul-Aug 1998): 322-6.

20. Hesseling, P.B., et al. "Bone mineral density in long-term survivors of childhood cancer." International Journal of Cancer 11 Supplement (1998): 44-7.

21. Hoorweg-Nijman, J.J., et al. "Bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in young adult survivors of childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia." Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford) 50, no. 2 (Feb 1999): 237-44.

22. Muller, H.L., M. Klinkhammer-Schalke, and J. Kuhl. "Final height and weight of long-term survivors of childhood malignancies." Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes 106, no. 2 (1998): 135-9.

23. Talvensaari, K., and M. Knip. "Childhood cancer and later development of the metabolic syndrome." Annals of Medicine 29, no. 5 (Oct 1997): 353-5.

24. Talvensaari, K., et al. "Clinical characteristics and factors affecting growth in long-term survivors of cancer." Medical Pediatric Oncology 26, no. 3 (Mar 1996): 166-72.

25. Mauch, P.M., et al. "Second malignancies after treatment for laparotomy staged IA-IIIB Hodgkin's disease: a long-term analysis of risk factors and outcome." Blood 87, no. 9 (1 May 1996): 3625-32.

26. Neglia, J.P., et al. "Second neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood." New England Journal of Medicine 325, no. 19 (7 Nov 1991): 1330-6.

27. Nicholson, H.S., et al. "Late effects of therapy in adult survivors of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma." Medical Pediatric Oncology 20, no. 1 (1992): 6-12.

28. Novakovic, B., et al. "Late effects of therapy in survivors of Ewing's sarcoma family tumors." Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 19, no. 3 (May-June 1997): 220-5.

29. Nyandoto, P., T. Muhonen, and H. Joensuu. "Second cancer among long-term survivors from Hodgkin's disease." International Journal of Radiation Oncology and Biological Physics 42, no. 2 (1 Sept 1998): 373-8.

30. Nygaard, R., et al. "Second malignant neoplasms in patients treated for childhood leukemia. a population-based m cohort study from the Nordic countries, The Nordic Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (NOPHO)." Acta Pediatrics Scandinavia 80, no. 12 (Dec 1991): 1220-8.

31. Pratt, C.B.B., et al. "Second malignant neoplasms occurring in survivors of osteosarcoma." Cancer 80, no. 5 (1 Sept 1997): 960-5.

32. Rich, D.C., et al. "Second malignant neoplasms in children after treatment of soft tissue sarcoma." Journal of Pediatrics Surgery 32, no. 2 (Feb 1997): 369-72.

33. Robison, L.L. "Survivors of childhood cancer and risk of a second tumor." Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85, no. 14 (21 Jul 1993): 1102-3.

34. Sankila, R., et al. "Risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms among 1,641 Hodgkin's disease patients diagnosed in childhood and adolescence: a population-based cohort study in the five Nordic countries. Association of the Nordic Cancer Registries and the Nordic Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology." Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, no. 5 (May 1996): 1442-6.

35. Scaradavou, A. "Second malignant neoplasms in long-term survivors of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma." Cancer 76, no. 10 (15 Nov 1995): 1860-7.

36. Witherspoon, R.P., H.J. Deeg, and R. Storb. "Secondary malignancies after marrow transplantation for leukemia or aplastic anemia." Transplantation Science 4, no. 1 (Sept 1994): 33-41.

37. Wolden, S.L., et al. "Second cancers following pediatric Hodgkin's disease." Journal of Clinical Oncology 16, no. 2 (Feb 1998): 536-44.

38. Wong, F.L., et al. "Secondary brain tumors in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital." Journal of Clinical Oncology 16, no. 12 (Dec 1998): 3761-7.

39. Barakat, L.P., et al. "Families surviving childhood cancer: a comparison of posttraumatic stress symptoms with families of healthy children." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 22, no. 6 (1997): 843-59.

40. Gray, R.E. "Psychologic adaptation of survivors of childhood cancer." Cancer 70, no. 11 (Dec 1992): 2713-21.

41. Greenberg, H.S., et al. "Psychologic functioning in 8-16-year-old cancer survivors and their parents." Journal of Pediatrics 114, no. 3 (Mar 1989): 488-93.

42. Hollen, P.J., and W.L. Hobbie. "Risk taking and decision making of adolescent long-term survivors of cancer." Oncology Nursing Forum 17 (1994): 137-48.

43. Kazak, A.E., et al. "Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and social support in survivors of childhood leukemia and their mothers and fathers." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65 (1997): 120-9.

44. Kazak, A.E., et al. "Young adult cancer survivors and their parents: adjustment, learning problems, and gender." Journal of Family Psychology 8, no. 1 (1994): 74-84

45. Lansky, S., et al. "Psychosocial consequences of cure." Cancer 58 (1986): 529-33.

46. Mulhern, R.K., et al. "Social competence and behavioral adjustment of children who are long-term survivors of cancer." Pediatrics 83 (1989): 18-25.

47. Stuber, M.L., et al. "Posttrauma symptoms in childhood leukemia survivors and their parents." Psychosomatics 37, no. 3 (May-Jun 1996): 254-61.

48. Zeltzer, L.K., et al. "Comparison of psychologic outcomes in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia versus sibling controls: A cooperative Children's Cancer Group and National Institutes of Health study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 15 (1997): 547-56.

49. The chemicals used for chemotherapy are scheduled by the government regulator (TGA) as Schedule 4 drugs (S4). The regulator has placed antibiotics into the same category. Interestingly, the mineral selenium, freely found in yeast and many other foods has now also been classed as a schedule 4 drug.



50 The key idea in orthomolecular medicine is that genetic factors are central not only to the physical characteristics of individuals, but also to their biochemical milieu. Biochemical pathways of the body have significant genetic variability in terms of transcriptional potential and individual enzyme concentrations, receptor-ligand affinities and protein transporter efficiency. Diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, schizophrenia or depression are associated with specific biochemical abnormalities which are either causal or aggravating factors of the illness. In the orthomolecular view, it is possible that the provision of vitamins, amino acids, trace elements or fatty acids in amounts sufficient to correct biochemical abnormalities will be therapeutic in preventing or treating such diseases.

Studies Relating to Chemotherapy

1. Knox RA. Response is slow to deadly mixups. Too little done to avert cancer drug errors. Boston Globe. June 26, 1995:29-33.

2. O'Donnell J. Hospital sued for not giving rescue agent. Hosp Pharm Rep. 1993;7:29.

3. Cohen M, Anderson R, Attilio RM, et al. Preventing medication errors in cancer chemotherapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1996;53:737-746.

4. Koren G, Beatty K, Seto A, et al. The effects of impaired liver function on the elimination of antineoplastic agents. Ann Pharmacother. 1992;26:363-371.

5. Calvert AH, Vewell DR, Gumbrell LA, et al. Carboplatin dosage: prospective evaluation of a simple formula based on renal function. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:1748-1756.

6. Kintzel P, Dorr RT. Anticancer drug renal toxicity and elimination: dosing guidelines for altered renal function. Cancer Treat Rev. 1995;21:33-64.

7. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 1994-1998.

8. Ewer MS, Benjamin RS. Cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. In: Perry MC, ed. The Chemotherapy Source Book. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:652.

9. Ginsberg SJ, Comis RL. The pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic agents. In: Perry MC, Yarbro JW, eds. Toxicity of Chemotherapy. Orlando, Fla: Grune and Stratton; 1984:227-268.

10. Patterson WP, Reams G. Renal and electrolyte abnormalities due to chemotherapy. In: Perry MC, ed. The Chemotherapy Source Book. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:730-734.

11. Grochow BL, Ames MM. A Clinician's Guide to Chemotherapy Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1998:93-471.

12. DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1997:333-512.

13. Mitchelson F. Pharmacological agents affecting emesis: a review (part I). Drugs. 1992;43:295-315.

14. Mitchelson F. Pharmacological agents affecting emesis: a review (part II). Drugs. 1992;43:443-463.

15. Grunber SM, Hesketh PJ. Control of chemotherapy-induced emesis. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1790-1795.

16. Aapro MS. Review of experience with ondansetron and granisetron. Ann Oncol. 1993;4(suppl 3):S9-S14.

17. Navari RM, Kaplan HG, Gralla RJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of granisetron, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist, in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by high-dose cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2204-2210.

18. Italian Group for Antiemetic Research. Dexamethasone, granisetron, or both for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy for cancer. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1-5.

19. Gralla RJ. Adverse effects of treatment. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1994:2338-2347.

20. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2471-2508.

21. Rowinsky EK, Gilbert MR, McGuire WP, et al. Sequences of taxol and cisplatin. A phase 1 and pharmacologic study. J Clin Oncol. 1991;9:1692-1703.

22. Balmer CM. Combination chemotherapy. In: Finley RS, Balmer CM, Dozier N, et al, eds. Concepts in Oncology Therapeutics. A Self-Instructional Course. Bethesda, Md: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists; 1991:102.

23. Browman GP. Clinical application of the concept of methotrexate plus 5-FU sequence dependent synergy: how good is the evidence? Cancer Treat Rep. 1984;68:465-469.

24. Koh DW, Castro M. Pulmonary toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. In: Perry MC, ed. The Chemotherapy Source Book. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:674.

25. Ewer MS, Benjamin RS. Cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs. In: Perry MC, ed. The Chemotherapy Source Book. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996:654.

26. Lindley CM, Bernard S, Fields SM. Incidence and duration of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in the outpatient oncology population. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:1142-1149.

27. Gralla RJ, Navari RM, Hesketh PJ, et al. Single-dose oral granisetron has equivalent antiemetic efficacy to intravenous ondansetron for highly emetogenic cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16: 1568-1573.

28. Perez EA, Hesketh PJ, Sandbach J, et al. Comparison of single-dose oral granisetron versus intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by moderately emetogenic chemotherapy: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized parallel study. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:754-760.

29. Kris MG, Gralla RJ, Tyson LB, et al. Controlling delayed vomiting: double-blind, randomized trial comparing placebo, dexamethasone alone, and metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in patients receiving cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:108-114.

30. Singh SS, Cartmell A, Caldwell J. Efficacy and tolerance of low dose dexamethasone in combination with granisetron for prophylaxis of emesis with high dose cisplatin containing chemotherapy. Int Pharm Abstracts. 1998;35:2284.

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TGA Skeletons - WHO Privatised the Regulator?
by Eve Hillary



    




08-25-03


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